{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":174,"views":610330,"title":"La Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico del Suelo","fb_title":"","link":"la-capacidad-de-intercambio-cationico-del-suelo","desc":"Esta propiedad química del suelo se refiere a la cantidad total de cargas negativas que están disponibles sobre la superficie de las partículas en el suelo. También se puede definir como el número total de cationes intercambiables que un suelo en particular puede o es capaz de retener (cantidad total de carga negativa).Conocer la Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CIC) de un suelo es fundamental, pues este valor nos indica el potencial de un suelo para retener e intercambiar nutrientes.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art184-la-CIC-del-suelo\/CIC-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":17,"related":"","keywords":"capacidad,intercambio,cationico,suelo","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Suelos\/09. La CIC del Suelo.pdf","text":"
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Esta propiedad química del suelo se refiere a la cantidad total de cargas negativas que están disponibles sobre la superficie de las partículas en el suelo. También se puede definir como el número total de cationes intercambiables que un suelo en particular puede o es capaz de retener (cantidad total de carga negativa).Conocer la Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CIC) de un suelo es fundamental, pues este valor nos indica el potencial de un suelo para retener e intercambiar nutrientes. Además la CIC afecta directamente la cantidad y frecuencia de aplicación de fertilizantes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La mayor influencia sobre la CIC viene de las arcillas del suelo y de la materia orgánica. La arcilla tiene una capacidad de 10-150 cmol(+)\/kg, mientras que la materia orgánica tiene una capacidad de 200-400 cmol(+)\/kg, es decir la materia orgánica tiene más alta CIC. Los cmol(+)\/kg = meq\/100g. Los aportes de materia orgánica además de provocar un incremento en la CIC, también mejoran las propiedades físicas del suelo, incrementa la infiltración de agua, mejora la estructura del suelo, provee de nutrimentos a la planta y disminuye las pérdidas por erosión.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Por otro lado los aninones en el suelo, tienen un comportamiento muy distinto a los cationes. El fosfato es retenido fuertemente debido a la formación rápida de compuestos insolubles. El sulfato es retenido débilmente. El  nitrato y el cloruro no son retenidos en el suelo y se mueven libremente con el agua del suelo.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 1. La materia orgánica del suelo proporciona mayor capacidad de retención de nutrientes, es decir, posee mayor capacidad de intercambio catiónico que las propias partículas de arcillas. Por tal razón los aportes de materia orgánica al suelo son muy beneficiosos en la mejora de la fertilidad del suelo. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

La CIC en diferentes suelos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Por lo general, los suelos con alta CIC, son aquellos con altos contenidos de arcilla y\/o materia orgánica. La alta CIC les brinda mayor capacidad para retener nutrientes, eso normalmente los hace más fértiles. En el cuadro 1 se pueden apreciar las CIC para diferentes tipos de arcillas, comparadas con la materia orgánica y para diferentes texturas del suelo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\"CIC\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Los cationes intercambiables <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Los denominados cationes del suelo son el K+<\/sup>, Ca2+<\/sup>, Mg2+<\/sup>, Na+<\/sup>, Al 3+<\/sup> y H+<\/sup>. Estos cationes son los predominantes en los suelos agrícolas y pueden ser reemplazados por otros cationes presentes en la solución del suelo. El NH4+<\/sup>, Fe2+<\/sup>, Mn2+<\/sup> y Cu2+<\/sup> son otros nutrientes que presentan carga positiva pero se encuentran en cantidades muy pequeñas. En relación al contenido de estos cationes intercambiables, la cantidad de estos en la solución del suelo es muy pequeña comparando con la cantidad que se retiene en las arcillas. Entonces la mayor proporción de cationes están adheridos a las superficies de las partículas del suelo, y los cuales están en equilibrio con la solución del suelo. La CIC, por lo tanto, proporciona una reserva de nutrientes para reponer los nutrientes que fueron absorbidos por las plantas o lavados de la zona radical.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 1. Comportamiento de la CIC en diferentes texturas del suelo. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

La CIC en suelos ácidos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 2. Efecto del contenido de aluminio sobre el potencial de rendimiento en el cultivo de maíz. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n\r\n

Cuando en un suelo el pH es menor de 5.5 ocurre la presencia de Aluminio (Al<sup> +++<\/sup>), elemento que es nocivo para las plantas, ya que afecta fuertemente al sistema radical (Figura 3). A la suma del Al<sup> +++<\/sup> e H<sup>+<\/sup> se le denomina acidez intercambiable. Por lo tanto cuando est&aacute; presente el aluminio en el suelo, el % de saturaci&oacute;n de bases (Ca, Mg, Na y K) es menor de 100. Por otro lado en suelos neutros y alcalinos la saturaci&oacute;n lo dan el Ca, Mg, Na y K (aproximadamente), ya que el Al no est&aacute; en una forma asimilable por las plantas. En otras palabras, en suelos &aacute;cidos el 100 % de la saturaci&oacute;n es igual al % de saturaci&oacute;n de bases + % de acidez intercambiable.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-10-19 00:41:23","updated":"2018-07-26 15:18:20","published":"2015-10-19 02:05:51","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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También se puede definir como el número total de cationes intercambiables que un suelo en particular puede o es capaz de retener (cantidad total de carga negativa).Conocer la Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CIC) de un suelo es fundamental, pues este valor nos indica el potencial de un suelo para retener e intercambiar nutrientes.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art184-la-CIC-del-suelo\/CIC-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":17,"related":"","keywords":"capacidad,intercambio,cationico,suelo","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Suelos\/09. La CIC del Suelo.pdf","text":"

\r\n
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\r\n
\r\n

Esta propiedad química del suelo se refiere a la cantidad total de cargas negativas que están disponibles sobre la superficie de las partículas en el suelo. También se puede definir como el número total de cationes intercambiables que un suelo en particular puede o es capaz de retener (cantidad total de carga negativa).Conocer la Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CIC) de un suelo es fundamental, pues este valor nos indica el potencial de un suelo para retener e intercambiar nutrientes. Además la CIC afecta directamente la cantidad y frecuencia de aplicación de fertilizantes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La mayor influencia sobre la CIC viene de las arcillas del suelo y de la materia orgánica. La arcilla tiene una capacidad de 10-150 cmol(+)\/kg, mientras que la materia orgánica tiene una capacidad de 200-400 cmol(+)\/kg, es decir la materia orgánica tiene más alta CIC. Los cmol(+)\/kg = meq\/100g. Los aportes de materia orgánica además de provocar un incremento en la CIC, también mejoran las propiedades físicas del suelo, incrementa la infiltración de agua, mejora la estructura del suelo, provee de nutrimentos a la planta y disminuye las pérdidas por erosión.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Por otro lado los aninones en el suelo, tienen un comportamiento muy distinto a los cationes. El fosfato es retenido fuertemente debido a la formación rápida de compuestos insolubles. El sulfato es retenido débilmente. El  nitrato y el cloruro no son retenidos en el suelo y se mueven libremente con el agua del suelo.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 1. La materia orgánica del suelo proporciona mayor capacidad de retención de nutrientes, es decir, posee mayor capacidad de intercambio catiónico que las propias partículas de arcillas. Por tal razón los aportes de materia orgánica al suelo son muy beneficiosos en la mejora de la fertilidad del suelo. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

La CIC en diferentes suelos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Por lo general, los suelos con alta CIC, son aquellos con altos contenidos de arcilla y\/o materia orgánica. La alta CIC les brinda mayor capacidad para retener nutrientes, eso normalmente los hace más fértiles. En el cuadro 1 se pueden apreciar las CIC para diferentes tipos de arcillas, comparadas con la materia orgánica y para diferentes texturas del suelo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\"CIC\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Los cationes intercambiables <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Los denominados cationes del suelo son el K+<\/sup>, Ca2+<\/sup>, Mg2+<\/sup>, Na+<\/sup>, Al 3+<\/sup> y H+<\/sup>. Estos cationes son los predominantes en los suelos agrícolas y pueden ser reemplazados por otros cationes presentes en la solución del suelo. El NH4+<\/sup>, Fe2+<\/sup>, Mn2+<\/sup> y Cu2+<\/sup> son otros nutrientes que presentan carga positiva pero se encuentran en cantidades muy pequeñas. En relación al contenido de estos cationes intercambiables, la cantidad de estos en la solución del suelo es muy pequeña comparando con la cantidad que se retiene en las arcillas. Entonces la mayor proporción de cationes están adheridos a las superficies de las partículas del suelo, y los cuales están en equilibrio con la solución del suelo. La CIC, por lo tanto, proporciona una reserva de nutrientes para reponer los nutrientes que fueron absorbidos por las plantas o lavados de la zona radical.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 1. Comportamiento de la CIC en diferentes texturas del suelo. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

La CIC en suelos ácidos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 2. Efecto del contenido de aluminio sobre el potencial de rendimiento en el cultivo de maíz. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Cuando en un suelo el pH es menor de 5.5 ocurre la presencia de Aluminio (Al<sup> +++<\/sup>), elemento que es nocivo para las plantas, ya que afecta fuertemente al sistema radical (Figura 3). A la suma del Al<sup> +++<\/sup> e H<sup>+<\/sup> se le denomina acidez intercambiable. Por lo tanto cuando est&aacute; presente el aluminio en el suelo, el % de saturaci&oacute;n de bases (Ca, Mg, Na y K) es menor de 100. Por otro lado en suelos neutros y alcalinos la saturaci&oacute;n lo dan el Ca, Mg, Na y K (aproximadamente), ya que el Al no est&aacute; en una forma asimilable por las plantas. En otras palabras, en suelos &aacute;cidos el 100 % de la saturaci&oacute;n es igual al % de saturaci&oacute;n de bases + % de acidez intercambiable.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-10-19 00:41:23","updated":"2018-07-26 15:18:20","published":"2015-10-19 02:05:51","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/suelos"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"suelos","article":"la-capacidad-de-intercambio-cationico-del-suelo","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"suelos","article":"la-capacidad-de-intercambio-cationico-del-suelo","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}