{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":187,"views":124867,"title":"El Magnesio en el Suelo y su Efecto en las Raíces","fb_title":"","link":"el-magnesio-en-el-suelo-y-su-efecto-en-las-raices","desc":"En esquemas de producción intensivos fertilizados exclusivamente con nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K), el Mg se ha convertido en uno de los factores limitantes, debido al agotamiento en una gran cantidad de suelos. La absorción de Mg está influenciada por la cantidad del elemento disponible en la solución del suelo, el pH del suelo, el porcentaje de saturación de Mg en el total de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, y tipo de suelo.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art196-Magnesio-en-el-suelo\/Nota%20196.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":17,"related":"","keywords":"magnesio,solución,suelo,raiz,pH,saturación,CIC,absorción,tipo,suelo,rizósfera,deficiencia,fotosíntesis,clorofila,tilacoides,enzimas","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Suelos\/11. Magnesio en el suelo y su efecto en las raices.pdf","text":"
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El magnesio es un elemento poco considerado en los planes de fertilización, aun cuando se han identificado numerosos procesos fisiológicos en los  que interviene, por ejemplo, participa en: la fosforilación (formación de ATP en los cloroplastos), fijación fotosintética del dióxido de carbono (CO2<\/sub>), síntesis de proteínas, formación de clorofila, recarga del floema, partición y asimilación de productos de la fotosíntesis, y foto-oxidación de los tejidos de las hojas. También la enzima ribulosa 1,5-bifosfato carboxilasa (RuBP), comúnmente conocida como RuBisco, solo se activa en presencia de Mg, esta es  muy importante para realizar el proceso de fotosíntesis. <\/p>\r\n\r\n

Los síntomas de deficiencia de Mg en plantas, incluye clorosis intervenal y manchas rojas en hojas viejas. Sin embargo, la aparición de estos síntomas está en función de la intensidad de la luz interceptada por la planta, ya que se cree que en condiciones de alta intensidad de luz, las plantas requieren mayores cantidades de este nutrimento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Se sabe que hasta un 35 % del Mg contenido en las plantas está ligado a los tilacoides, ubicados en  los cloroplastos (organelos celulares que transforman la luz en energía para la planta).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El Mg en el suelo<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

En esquemas de producción intensivos fertilizados exclusivamente con nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K),  el Mg se ha convertido en uno de los factores limitantes, debido  al agotamiento en una gran cantidad de suelos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La absorción de Mg está influenciada por la cantidad del elemento disponible en la solución del suelo,  el pH del suelo, el porcentaje de saturación de Mg en el total de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, y  tipo de suelo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Las pérdidas de Mg en el suelo se pueden dar por la lixiviación, la absorción de los microorganismos, poca retención de cationes del suelo, y la precipitación por minerales secundarios; este último es muy común en suelos áridos..<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La mayoría del Mg contenido en el suelo proviene de la descomposición de minerales, los suelos ubicados en climas templados presentan rangos de concentración de 5 a 50 ppm y en suelos de climas áridos oscila entre 120 a 2400 ppm. Las pérdidas por lixiviación dependen de  la concentración  del elemento en el suelo y del régimen<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 1. Incremento en el crecimiento de raíz en frijol y trigo con adecuado suministro de Mg. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: IPNI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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de lluvias, los valores reportados van desde 5 hasta 68 kg\/ha\/año de pérdidas, siendo los suelos de textura arenosa los más afectados. Las fertilizaciones excesivas de potasio  pueden  disminuir la disponibilidad de Mg, al igual que un exceso de Ca inhibe la absorción del elemento  y  también se puede perder por efecto de la erosión.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El Mg en Suelos ácidos<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Algunos suelos sometidos a altos regímenes de precipitación,  poca retención de cationes y con pH ácido, frecuentemente son deficientes en Mg, producto de la lixiviación e interacciones antagónicas que se presentan con Aluminio (Al).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

A pesar de ser un elemento frecuentemente ausente en suelos ácidos, se ha encontrado que al igual que el Ca, el Mg también puede aliviar la toxicidad por Al. Los mecanismos de acción son completamente distintos,  en el caso del Mg sus efectos benéficos son muy específicos en la protección de las raíces de las plantas. Hoy se tienen muy bien documentados los beneficios de adicionar Mg a cultivos establecidos en este tipo de suelos, permitiendo la liberación  efectiva de aniones orgánicos (exudados de las raíces), que  proveen protección  a las plantas por medio de la quelatación del Al, neutralizándolo  y  suprimiendo sus efectos fito-tóxicos que se dan en la rizósfera (parte de suelo inmediato a las raíces).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 2. Dinámica del Magnesio en el suelo.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Cakmak (2010), reporta que existe un efecto positivo entre la cantidad de Mg que un cultivo absorbe y el crecimiento de la raíz y las partes aéreas de una planta. El mismo autor demostró que la relación  entre la parte área sobre las raíces aumenta en plantas con deficiencia (parte aérea\/raíz),  este efecto adverso se desarrolla mucho antes que se aprecie la clorosis en las hojas. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que en deficiencia de Mg, las concentraciones de carbohidratos, azúcares reductores y almidones aumentan en las hojas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fageria (2013), reporta que existe una relación  muy estrecha entre la presencia de Mg en el suelo y el peso de la raíz en cultivos como frijol, chícharo y arroz establecidos en suelos ácidos (oxisoles).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Basados en la información anterior se puede concluir que un aspecto crítico para la obtención de buenos rendimientos, es que la planta posea un adecuado sistema radicular, y un adecuado transporte de carbohidratos, por tanto,  es necesario monitorear periódicamente el estado de la nutrición con Mg en suelo y en planta antes de que observen síntomas de deficiencia.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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 <\/div>\r\n\r\n
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\"Influencia\"<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

 <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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Fuentes <\/strong>consultadas<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fageria, N. K. 2013. Magnesium. The Role of Plant Roots in Crop Production. Editorial CRC Press. pp 325-326.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Halvin, J. L.; Tisdale, S. L.; Nelson, W. L.; Beaton, J. D. 2014. Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium. Soil fertility and Fertilizers. Ed. Pearson. 256 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Cakmak, I. 2010. Magnesium: A Forgotten Element in Crop Production. Better crops 94(2): 23 25.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-12-16 02:28:41","updated":"2019-02-20 19:42:47","published":"2015-12-16 02:54:30","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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La absorción de Mg está influenciada por la cantidad del elemento disponible en la solución del suelo, el pH del suelo, el porcentaje de saturación de Mg en el total de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, y tipo de suelo.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art196-Magnesio-en-el-suelo\/Nota%20196.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":17,"related":"","keywords":"magnesio,solución,suelo,raiz,pH,saturación,CIC,absorción,tipo,suelo,rizósfera,deficiencia,fotosíntesis,clorofila,tilacoides,enzimas","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Suelos\/11. Magnesio en el suelo y su efecto en las raices.pdf","text":"

\r\n
\r\n

El magnesio es un elemento poco considerado en los planes de fertilización, aun cuando se han identificado numerosos procesos fisiológicos en los  que interviene, por ejemplo, participa en: la fosforilación (formación de ATP en los cloroplastos), fijación fotosintética del dióxido de carbono (CO2<\/sub>), síntesis de proteínas, formación de clorofila, recarga del floema, partición y asimilación de productos de la fotosíntesis, y foto-oxidación de los tejidos de las hojas. También la enzima ribulosa 1,5-bifosfato carboxilasa (RuBP), comúnmente conocida como RuBisco, solo se activa en presencia de Mg, esta es  muy importante para realizar el proceso de fotosíntesis. <\/p>\r\n\r\n

Los síntomas de deficiencia de Mg en plantas, incluye clorosis intervenal y manchas rojas en hojas viejas. Sin embargo, la aparición de estos síntomas está en función de la intensidad de la luz interceptada por la planta, ya que se cree que en condiciones de alta intensidad de luz, las plantas requieren mayores cantidades de este nutrimento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Se sabe que hasta un 35 % del Mg contenido en las plantas está ligado a los tilacoides, ubicados en  los cloroplastos (organelos celulares que transforman la luz en energía para la planta).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El Mg en el suelo<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

En esquemas de producción intensivos fertilizados exclusivamente con nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K),  el Mg se ha convertido en uno de los factores limitantes, debido  al agotamiento en una gran cantidad de suelos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La absorción de Mg está influenciada por la cantidad del elemento disponible en la solución del suelo,  el pH del suelo, el porcentaje de saturación de Mg en el total de la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, y  tipo de suelo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Las pérdidas de Mg en el suelo se pueden dar por la lixiviación, la absorción de los microorganismos, poca retención de cationes del suelo, y la precipitación por minerales secundarios; este último es muy común en suelos áridos..<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La mayoría del Mg contenido en el suelo proviene de la descomposición de minerales, los suelos ubicados en climas templados presentan rangos de concentración de 5 a 50 ppm y en suelos de climas áridos oscila entre 120 a 2400 ppm. Las pérdidas por lixiviación dependen de  la concentración  del elemento en el suelo y del régimen<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 1. Incremento en el crecimiento de raíz en frijol y trigo con adecuado suministro de Mg. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: IPNI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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de lluvias, los valores reportados van desde 5 hasta 68 kg\/ha\/año de pérdidas, siendo los suelos de textura arenosa los más afectados. Las fertilizaciones excesivas de potasio  pueden  disminuir la disponibilidad de Mg, al igual que un exceso de Ca inhibe la absorción del elemento  y  también se puede perder por efecto de la erosión.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El Mg en Suelos ácidos<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Algunos suelos sometidos a altos regímenes de precipitación,  poca retención de cationes y con pH ácido, frecuentemente son deficientes en Mg, producto de la lixiviación e interacciones antagónicas que se presentan con Aluminio (Al).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

A pesar de ser un elemento frecuentemente ausente en suelos ácidos, se ha encontrado que al igual que el Ca, el Mg también puede aliviar la toxicidad por Al. Los mecanismos de acción son completamente distintos,  en el caso del Mg sus efectos benéficos son muy específicos en la protección de las raíces de las plantas. Hoy se tienen muy bien documentados los beneficios de adicionar Mg a cultivos establecidos en este tipo de suelos, permitiendo la liberación  efectiva de aniones orgánicos (exudados de las raíces), que  proveen protección  a las plantas por medio de la quelatación del Al, neutralizándolo  y  suprimiendo sus efectos fito-tóxicos que se dan en la rizósfera (parte de suelo inmediato a las raíces).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 2. Dinámica del Magnesio en el suelo.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Cakmak (2010), reporta que existe un efecto positivo entre la cantidad de Mg que un cultivo absorbe y el crecimiento de la raíz y las partes aéreas de una planta. El mismo autor demostró que la relación  entre la parte área sobre las raíces aumenta en plantas con deficiencia (parte aérea\/raíz),  este efecto adverso se desarrolla mucho antes que se aprecie la clorosis en las hojas. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que en deficiencia de Mg, las concentraciones de carbohidratos, azúcares reductores y almidones aumentan en las hojas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fageria (2013), reporta que existe una relación  muy estrecha entre la presencia de Mg en el suelo y el peso de la raíz en cultivos como frijol, chícharo y arroz establecidos en suelos ácidos (oxisoles).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Basados en la información anterior se puede concluir que un aspecto crítico para la obtención de buenos rendimientos, es que la planta posea un adecuado sistema radicular, y un adecuado transporte de carbohidratos, por tanto,  es necesario monitorear periódicamente el estado de la nutrición con Mg en suelo y en planta antes de que observen síntomas de deficiencia.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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\"Influencia\"<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Fuentes <\/strong>consultadas<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fageria, N. K. 2013. Magnesium. The Role of Plant Roots in Crop Production. Editorial CRC Press. pp 325-326.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Halvin, J. L.; Tisdale, S. L.; Nelson, W. L.; Beaton, J. D. 2014. Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium. Soil fertility and Fertilizers. Ed. Pearson. 256 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Cakmak, I. 2010. Magnesium: A Forgotten Element in Crop Production. Better crops 94(2): 23 25.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-12-16 02:28:41","updated":"2019-02-20 19:42:47","published":"2015-12-16 02:54:30","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/suelos"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"suelos","article":"el-magnesio-en-el-suelo-y-su-efecto-en-las-raices","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"suelos","article":"el-magnesio-en-el-suelo-y-su-efecto-en-las-raices","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}