{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":144,"views":34907,"title":"El níquel, esencial para la absorción del nitrógeno","fb_title":"","link":"niquel-esencial-para-la-absorcion-del-nitrogeno","desc":"La ureasa cataliza la hidrólisis de la urea, reacción que divide la molécula en amonio y dióxido de carbono. La deficiencia de Ni inhibe la acción de la ureasa y esta condición lleva a la acumulación de urea que provoca la presencia de manchas necróticas en las hojas. La deficiencia de Ni perturba el metabolismo de los ureidos, aminoácidos y ácidos orgánicos y se acumula ácido oxálico y láctico.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art154-niquel-esencial-para-absorcion-de-n\/Niquel-esencial-en-absorcion-de-nitrogeno.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":6,"related":"","keywords":"niquel,esencial,absorcion,nitrogeno","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Nutricion Vegetal\/35. El Ni esencial para la absorcion del N.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">En 2004, el n&iacute;quel fue reconocido por la Asociaci&oacute;n Americana Oficial de Control de Nutrientes Vegetales, como elemento esencial en plantas, dada su funci&oacute;n de catalizador o inhibidor y constituyente con la enzima ureasa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Deficiencia de Ni en hojas de leguminosas \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art154-niquel-esencial-para-absorcion-de-n\/Deficiencia-en-ni.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#5FB404\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Deficiencia de Ni en hojas de leguminosas. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>(McCarroll, 2011). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El n&iacute;quel es requerido por las plantas superiores en bajas concentraciones, pues es necesario en el metabolismo del nitr&oacute;geno y la germinaci&oacute;n de la planta. Sin embargo, a altas concentraciones es fitot&oacute;xico, ya que inhibe la actividad enzim&aacute;tica, el crecimiento, el metabolismo y la nutrici&oacute;n mineral.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;La ureasa cataliza la hidr&oacute;lisis de la urea, reacci&oacute;n que divide la mol&eacute;cula en amonio y di&oacute;xido de carbono. La deficiencia de Ni inhibe la acci&oacute;n de la ureasa y esta condici&oacute;n lleva a la acumulaci&oacute;n de urea que provoca la presencia de manchas necr&oacute;ticas en las hojas. La deficiencia de Ni perturba el metabolismo de los ureidos, amino&aacute;cidos y &aacute;cidos org&aacute;nicos y se acumula &aacute;cido ox&aacute;lico y l&aacute;ctico. Estos efectos sugieren que el Ni tiene varios roles importantes en el metabolismo de las plantas superiores.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La ureasa es la &uacute;nica enzima conocida en las plantas superiores que contiene n&iacute;quel, aunque los microorganismos fijadores de nitr&oacute;geno necesitan n&iacute;quel para la enzima que reincorpora parte del hidr&oacute;geno gaseoso generado durante la fijaci&oacute;n (el hidr&oacute;geno incorpora a la hidrogenasa). Algunas bacterias como el <em>Rhizobium<\/em> tienen dependencia del n&iacute;quel.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Las plantas con carencia de n&iacute;quel acumulan urea en sus hojas y como consecuencia los extremos de las hojas muestran necrosis.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Causas de la deficiencia de n&iacute;quel<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;La deficiencia de Ni puede presentarse por bajos contenidos del nutriente en formas disponibles en el suelo, o puede ser inducida por varios factores como los siguientes:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Alcalinidad relativamente elevada del suelo.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Altos contenidos de Ca, Mg, Cu o Zn que inhiben la absorci&oacute;n de Ni.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Reducci&oacute;n de la disponibilidad por excesiva aplicaci&oacute;n de cal.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Altos niveles de P del suelo que reduce la disponibilidad de Ni en el suelo o dentro de la misma planta.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Nem&aacute;todos que da&ntilde;an el sistema radicular y evitan la absorci&oacute;n de nutrientes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Usos pr&aacute;cticos del n&iacute;quel<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Se han realizado experimentos con cebada, papa y habas y se obtuvieron incrementos en rendimiento gracias a la aplicaci&oacute;n foliar de Ni.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Influencia de aplicaciones \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art154-niquel-esencial-para-absorcion-de-n\/Aplicaciones-foliares-Ni.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#0B4C5F; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 2. Influencia de aplicaciones foliares de Ni en brotes de &aacute;rboles deficientes de Ni. La planta de la derecha deficiente en Ni, mientras que la de la izquierda ha sido tratada con una aplicaci&oacute;n foliar de Ni. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">(Wood y Reilly, 2004).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Algunas plantas, como el nogal pecanero, necesitan especialmente el n&iacute;quel, ya que sin una cantidad suficiente, la enzima que convierte la urea en amoniaco no act&uacute;a, por lo que la urea puede acumularse hasta alcanzar una concentraci&oacute;n nociva para el &aacute;rbol. <strong><em>En los nogales pecaneros, la carencia de n&iacute;quel puede producir deformaciones f&iacute;sicas, un rendimiento m&aacute;s bajo, ca&iacute;da prematura del fruto, fotos&iacute;ntesis reducida, una mayor susceptibilidad a la sarna y menor supervivencia.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Influencia de la aplicación foliar de níquel.\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art154-niquel-esencial-para-absorcion-de-n\/Influencia-aplicacion-ni.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#7401DF; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 3. Influencia de la aplicaci&oacute;n foliar de n&iacute;quel. La rama en el lado izquierdo del &aacute;rbol fue tratada con Ni poco despu&eacute;s de la brotaci&oacute;n, mientras que la parte derecha de los &aacute;rboles no fue tratada. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">(Wood y Reilly, 2004).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La deficiencia de n&iacute;quel en leguminosas y en otras dicotiled&oacute;neas ocasiona una disminuci&oacute;n en la actividad de la enzima ureasa, condici&oacute;n que provoca la acumulaci&oacute;n de niveles t&oacute;xicos de urea y se manifiesta como una necrosis en la punta de las hojas. En soya, niveles bajos de Ni en el suelo pueden disminuir la nodulaci&oacute;n y el rendimiento en semilla, fen&oacute;meno que se explica por la participaci&oacute;n del Ni en la enzima hidrogenasa de las bacterias nitrificantes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Fuente:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Kutman, B.Y., Kutman, U.B. and Cakmak, I. 2014.&nbsp; Effects of seed nickel reserves or externally supplied nickel on the growth, nitrogen metabolites and nitrogen use efficiency of urea- or nitrate-fed soybean. Plant and Soil 376:261-276.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Malavolta, E., and M. F. Moraes. 2007. Nickel- from toxic to essential nutrient. Better Crops with Plant Food 91(3): 26-27.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Wood, B.W., Reilly, C.C., and Nyczepir, A.P. Nyczepir. 2004. Mouse-ear of Pecan: a Nickel Deficiency. Hortscience 36(6): 1238-1242.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-06-10 19:53:39","updated":"2019-04-21 23:44:24","published":"2015-06-10 20:28:06","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. Dominicana","iso2":"do","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":23,"name":"Surinam","iso2":"sr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":24,"name":"Uruguay","iso2":"uy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":25,"name":"Venezuela","iso2":"ve","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":26,"name":"Brasil","iso2":"br","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":27,"name":"España","iso2":"es","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":28,"name":"Australia","iso2":"au","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":29,"name":"Bahamas","iso2":"bs","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":30,"name":"Camerún","iso2":"cm","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":31,"name":"Italia","iso2":"it","badge":"USD","conversion":19}],"provinces":[{"province_ID":1,"country_ID":1,"name":"Buenos Aires"},{"province_ID":2,"country_ID":1,"name":"Buenos Aires Capital"},{"province_ID":3,"country_ID":1,"name":"Catamarca"},{"province_ID":4,"country_ID":1,"name":"Chaco"},{"province_ID":5,"country_ID":1,"name":"Chubut"},{"province_ID":6,"country_ID":1,"name":"Cordoba"},{"province_ID":7,"country_ID":1,"name":"Corrientes"},{"province_ID":8,"country_ID":1,"name":"Entre Rios"},{"province_ID":9,"country_ID":1,"name":"Formosa"},{"province_ID":10,"country_ID":1,"name":"Jujuy"},{"province_ID":11,"country_ID":1,"name":"La Pampa"},{"province_ID":12,"country_ID":1,"name":"La Rioja"},{"province_ID":13,"country_ID":1,"name":"Mendoza"},{"province_ID":14,"country_ID":1,"name":"Misiones"},{"province_ID":15,"country_ID":1,"name":"Neuquen"},{"province_ID":16,"country_ID":1,"name":"Rio Negro"},{"province_ID":17,"country_ID":1,"name":"Salta"},{"province_ID":18,"country_ID":1,"name":"San Juan"},{"province_ID":19,"country_ID":1,"name":"San Luis"},{"province_ID":20,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santa Cruz"},{"province_ID":21,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santa Fe"},{"province_ID":22,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santiago del Estero"},{"province_ID":23,"country_ID":1,"name":"Tierra del Fuego"},{"province_ID":24,"country_ID":1,"name":"Tucuman"},{"province_ID":25,"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice"},{"province_ID":26,"country_ID":2,"name":"Cayo"},{"province_ID":27,"country_ID":2,"name":"Corozal"},{"province_ID":28,"country_ID":2,"name":"Orange Walk"},{"province_ID":29,"country_ID":2,"name":"Stann Creek"},{"province_ID":30,"country_ID":2,"name":"Toledo"},{"province_ID":31,"country_ID":3,"name":"Chuquisaca"},{"province_ID":32,"country_ID":3,"name":"Cochabamba"},{"province_ID":33,"country_ID":3,"name":"Beni"},{"province_ID":34,"country_ID":3,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":35,"country_ID":3,"name":"Oruro"},{"province_ID":36,"country_ID":3,"name":"Pando"},{"province_ID":37,"country_ID":3,"name":"Potosi"},{"province_ID":38,"country_ID":3,"name":"Santa Cruz"},{"province_ID":39,"country_ID":3,"name":"Tarija"},{"province_ID":40,"country_ID":4,"name":"Alberta"},{"province_ID":41,"country_ID":4,"name":"British Columbia"},{"province_ID":42,"country_ID":4,"name":"Manitoba"},{"province_ID":43,"country_ID":4,"name":"New Brunswick"},{"province_ID":44,"country_ID":4,"name":"Newfoundland and Labrador"},{"province_ID":45,"country_ID":4,"name":"Nova Scotia"},{"province_ID":46,"country_ID":4,"name":"Ontario"},{"province_ID":47,"country_ID":4,"name":"Prince Edward Island"},{"province_ID":48,"country_ID":4,"name":"Quebec"},{"province_ID":49,"country_ID":4,"name":"Saskatchewan"},{"province_ID":50,"country_ID":4,"name":"Northwest Territories"},{"province_ID":51,"country_ID":4,"name":"Nunavut"},{"province_ID":52,"country_ID":4,"name":"Yukon"},{"province_ID":53,"country_ID":5,"name":"Aysen"},{"province_ID":54,"country_ID":5,"name":"Antofagasta"},{"province_ID":55,"country_ID":5,"name":"Araucania"},{"province_ID":56,"country_ID":5,"name":"Atacama"},{"province_ID":57,"country_ID":5,"name":"Bio-Bio"},{"province_ID":58,"country_ID":5,"name":"Coquimbo"},{"province_ID":59,"country_ID":5,"name":"O'Higgins"},{"province_ID":60,"country_ID":5,"name":"Los Lagos"},{"province_ID":61,"country_ID":5,"name":"Magallanes y la Antartica Chilena"},{"province_ID":62,"country_ID":5,"name":"Maule"},{"province_ID":63,"country_ID":5,"name":"Santiago Region Metropolitana"},{"province_ID":64,"country_ID":5,"name":"Tarapaca"},{"province_ID":65,"country_ID":5,"name":"Valparaiso"},{"province_ID":66,"country_ID":6,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":67,"country_ID":6,"name":"Antioquia"},{"province_ID":68,"country_ID":6,"name":"Arauca"},{"province_ID":69,"country_ID":6,"name":"Atlantico"},{"province_ID":70,"country_ID":6,"name":"Bogota District Capital"},{"province_ID":71,"country_ID":6,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":72,"country_ID":6,"name":"Boyaca"},{"province_ID":73,"country_ID":6,"name":"Caldas"},{"province_ID":74,"country_ID":6,"name":"Caqueta"},{"province_ID":75,"country_ID":6,"name":"Casanare"},{"province_ID":76,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cauca"},{"province_ID":77,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cesar"},{"province_ID":78,"country_ID":6,"name":"Choco"},{"province_ID":79,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cordoba"},{"province_ID":80,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cundinamarca"},{"province_ID":81,"country_ID":6,"name":"Guainia"},{"province_ID":82,"country_ID":6,"name":"Guaviare"},{"province_ID":83,"country_ID":6,"name":"Huila"},{"province_ID":84,"country_ID":6,"name":"La Guajira"},{"province_ID":85,"country_ID":6,"name":"Magdalena"},{"province_ID":86,"country_ID":6,"name":"Meta"},{"province_ID":87,"country_ID":6,"name":"Narino"},{"province_ID":88,"country_ID":6,"name":"Norte de Santander"},{"province_ID":89,"country_ID":6,"name":"Putumayo"},{"province_ID":90,"country_ID":6,"name":"Quindio"},{"province_ID":91,"country_ID":6,"name":"Risaralda"},{"province_ID":92,"country_ID":6,"name":"San Andres & Providencia"},{"province_ID":93,"country_ID":6,"name":"Santander"},{"province_ID":94,"country_ID":6,"name":"Sucre"},{"province_ID":95,"country_ID":6,"name":"Tolima"},{"province_ID":96,"country_ID":6,"name":"Valle del Cauca"},{"province_ID":97,"country_ID":6,"name":"Vaupes"},{"province_ID":98,"country_ID":6,"name":"Vichada"},{"province_ID":99,"country_ID":7,"name":"Alajuela"},{"province_ID":100,"country_ID":7,"name":"Cartago"},{"province_ID":101,"country_ID":7,"name":"Guanacaste"},{"province_ID":102,"country_ID":7,"name":"Heredia"},{"province_ID":103,"country_ID":7,"name":"Limon"},{"province_ID":104,"country_ID":7,"name":"Puntarenas"},{"province_ID":105,"country_ID":7,"name":"San Jose"},{"province_ID":106,"country_ID":8,"name":"Camaguey"},{"province_ID":107,"country_ID":8,"name":"Ciego de Avila"},{"province_ID":108,"country_ID":8,"name":"Cienfuegos"},{"province_ID":109,"country_ID":8,"name":"Ciudad de La Habana"},{"province_ID":110,"country_ID":8,"name":"Granma"},{"province_ID":111,"country_ID":8,"name":"Guantanamo"},{"province_ID":112,"country_ID":8,"name":"Holguin"},{"province_ID":113,"country_ID":8,"name":"Isla de la Juventud"},{"province_ID":114,"country_ID":8,"name":"La Habana"},{"province_ID":115,"country_ID":8,"name":"Las Tunas"},{"province_ID":116,"country_ID":8,"name":"Matanzas"},{"province_ID":117,"country_ID":8,"name":"Pinar del Rio"},{"province_ID":118,"country_ID":8,"name":"Sancti Spiritus"},{"province_ID":119,"country_ID":8,"name":"Santiago de Cuba"},{"province_ID":120,"country_ID":8,"name":"Villa Clara"},{"province_ID":121,"country_ID":9,"name":"Azuay"},{"province_ID":122,"country_ID":9,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":123,"country_ID":9,"name":"Canar"},{"province_ID":124,"country_ID":9,"name":"Carchi"},{"province_ID":125,"country_ID":9,"name":"Chimborazo"},{"province_ID":126,"country_ID":9,"name":"Cotopaxi"},{"province_ID":127,"country_ID":9,"name":"El Oro"},{"province_ID":128,"country_ID":9,"name":"Esmeraldas"},{"province_ID":129,"country_ID":9,"name":"Galapagos"},{"province_ID":130,"country_ID":9,"name":"Guayas"},{"province_ID":131,"country_ID":9,"name":"Imbabura"},{"province_ID":132,"country_ID":9,"name":"Loja"},{"province_ID":133,"country_ID":9,"name":"Los Rios"},{"province_ID":134,"country_ID":9,"name":"Manabi"},{"province_ID":135,"country_ID":9,"name":"Morona-Santiago"},{"province_ID":136,"country_ID":9,"name":"Napo"},{"province_ID":137,"country_ID":9,"name":"Orellana"},{"province_ID":138,"country_ID":9,"name":"Pastaza"},{"province_ID":139,"country_ID":9,"name":"Pichincha"},{"province_ID":140,"country_ID":9,"name":"Sucumbios"},{"province_ID":141,"country_ID":9,"name":"Tungurahua"},{"province_ID":142,"country_ID":9,"name":"Zamora-Chinchipe"},{"province_ID":143,"country_ID":10,"name":"Ahuachapan"},{"province_ID":144,"country_ID":10,"name":"Cabanas"},{"province_ID":145,"country_ID":10,"name":"Chalatenango"},{"province_ID":146,"country_ID":10,"name":"Cuscatlan"},{"province_ID":147,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Libertad"},{"province_ID":148,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":149,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Union"},{"province_ID":150,"country_ID":10,"name":"Morazan"},{"province_ID":151,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Miguel"},{"province_ID":152,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Salvador"},{"province_ID":153,"country_ID":10,"name":"Santa Ana"},{"province_ID":154,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Vicente"},{"province_ID":155,"country_ID":10,"name":"Sonsonate"},{"province_ID":156,"country_ID":10,"name":"Usulutan"},{"province_ID":157,"country_ID":11,"name":"Alabama"},{"province_ID":158,"country_ID":11,"name":"Alaska"},{"province_ID":159,"country_ID":11,"name":"Arizona"},{"province_ID":160,"country_ID":11,"name":"Arkansas"},{"province_ID":161,"country_ID":11,"name":"California"},{"province_ID":162,"country_ID":11,"name":"Colorado"},{"province_ID":163,"country_ID":11,"name":"Connecticut"},{"province_ID":164,"country_ID":11,"name":"Delaware"},{"province_ID":165,"country_ID":11,"name":"District of Columbia"},{"province_ID":166,"country_ID":11,"name":"Florida"},{"province_ID":167,"country_ID":11,"name":"Georgia"},{"province_ID":168,"country_ID":11,"name":"Hawaii"},{"province_ID":169,"country_ID":11,"name":"Idaho"},{"province_ID":170,"country_ID":11,"name":"Illinois"},{"province_ID":171,"country_ID":11,"name":"Indiana"},{"province_ID":172,"country_ID":11,"name":"Iowa"},{"province_ID":173,"country_ID":11,"name":"Kansas"},{"province_ID":174,"country_ID":11,"name":"Kentucky"},{"province_ID":175,"country_ID":11,"name":"Louisiana"},{"province_ID":176,"country_ID":11,"name":"Maine"},{"province_ID":177,"country_ID":11,"name":"Maryland"},{"province_ID":178,"country_ID":11,"name":"Massachusetts"},{"province_ID":179,"country_ID":11,"name":"Michigan"},{"province_ID":180,"country_ID":11,"name":"Minnesota"},{"province_ID":181,"country_ID":11,"name":"Mississippi"},{"province_ID":182,"country_ID":11,"name":"Missouri"},{"province_ID":183,"country_ID":11,"name":"Montana"},{"province_ID":184,"country_ID":11,"name":"Nebraska"},{"province_ID":185,"country_ID":11,"name":"Nevada"},{"province_ID":186,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Hampshire"},{"province_ID":187,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Jersey"},{"province_ID":188,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Mexico"},{"province_ID":189,"country_ID":11,"name":"New York"},{"province_ID":190,"country_ID":11,"name":"North Carolina"},{"province_ID":191,"country_ID":11,"name":"North Dakota"},{"province_ID":192,"country_ID":11,"name":"Ohio"},{"province_ID":193,"country_ID":11,"name":"Oklahoma"},{"province_ID":194,"country_ID":11,"name":"Oregon"},{"province_ID":195,"country_ID":11,"name":"Pennsylvania"},{"province_ID":196,"country_ID":11,"name":"Rhode Island"},{"province_ID":197,"country_ID":11,"name":"South Carolina"},{"province_ID":198,"country_ID":11,"name":"South Dakota"},{"province_ID":199,"country_ID":11,"name":"Tennessee"},{"province_ID":200,"country_ID":11,"name":"Texas"},{"province_ID":201,"country_ID":11,"name":"Utah"},{"province_ID":202,"country_ID":11,"name":"Vermont"},{"province_ID":203,"country_ID":11,"name":"Virginia"},{"province_ID":204,"country_ID":11,"name":"Washington"},{"province_ID":205,"country_ID":11,"name":"West Virginia"},{"province_ID":206,"country_ID":11,"name":"Wisconsin"},{"province_ID":207,"country_ID":11,"name":"Wyoming"},{"province_ID":208,"country_ID":12,"name":"Alta Verapaz"},{"province_ID":209,"country_ID":12,"name":"Baja Verapaz"},{"province_ID":210,"country_ID":12,"name":"Chimaltenango"},{"province_ID":211,"country_ID":12,"name":"Chiquimula"},{"province_ID":212,"country_ID":12,"name":"El Progreso"},{"province_ID":213,"country_ID":12,"name":"Escuintla"},{"province_ID":214,"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala"},{"province_ID":215,"country_ID":12,"name":"Huehuetenango"},{"province_ID":216,"country_ID":12,"name":"Izabal"},{"province_ID":217,"country_ID":12,"name":"Jalapa"},{"province_ID":218,"country_ID":12,"name":"Jutiapa"},{"province_ID":219,"country_ID":12,"name":"Peten"},{"province_ID":220,"country_ID":12,"name":"Quetzaltenango"},{"province_ID":221,"country_ID":12,"name":"Quiche"},{"province_ID":222,"country_ID":12,"name":"Retalhuleu"},{"province_ID":223,"country_ID":12,"name":"Sacatepequez"},{"province_ID":224,"country_ID":12,"name":"San Marcos"},{"province_ID":225,"country_ID":12,"name":"Santa Rosa"},{"province_ID":226,"country_ID":12,"name":"Solola"},{"province_ID":227,"country_ID":12,"name":"Suchitepequez"},{"province_ID":228,"country_ID":12,"name":"Totonicapan"},{"province_ID":229,"country_ID":12,"name":"Zacapa"},{"province_ID":230,"country_ID":13,"name":"Barima-Waini"},{"province_ID":231,"country_ID":13,"name":"Cuyuni-Mazaruni"},{"province_ID":232,"country_ID":13,"name":"Demerara-Mahaica"},{"province_ID":233,"country_ID":13,"name":"East Berbice-Corentyne"},{"province_ID":234,"country_ID":13,"name":"Essequibo Islands-West Demerara"},{"province_ID":235,"country_ID":13,"name":"Mahaica-Berbice"},{"province_ID":236,"country_ID":13,"name":"Pomeroon-Supenaam"},{"province_ID":237,"country_ID":13,"name":"Potaro-Siparuni"},{"province_ID":238,"country_ID":13,"name":"Upper Demerara-Berbice"},{"province_ID":239,"country_ID":13,"name":"Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo"},{"province_ID":240,"country_ID":14,"name":"Distrito de Cayenne"},{"province_ID":241,"country_ID":14,"name":"Distrito de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"province_ID":242,"country_ID":15,"name":"Atlantida"},{"province_ID":243,"country_ID":15,"name":"Choluteca"},{"province_ID":244,"country_ID":15,"name":"Colon"},{"province_ID":245,"country_ID":15,"name":"Comayagua"},{"province_ID":246,"country_ID":15,"name":"Copan"},{"province_ID":247,"country_ID":15,"name":"Cortes"},{"province_ID":248,"country_ID":15,"name":"El Paraiso"},{"province_ID":249,"country_ID":15,"name":"Francisco Morazan"},{"province_ID":250,"country_ID":15,"name":"Gracias a Dios"},{"province_ID":251,"country_ID":15,"name":"Intibuca"},{"province_ID":252,"country_ID":15,"name":"Islas de la Bahia"},{"province_ID":253,"country_ID":15,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":254,"country_ID":15,"name":"Lempira"},{"province_ID":255,"country_ID":15,"name":"Ocotepeque"},{"province_ID":256,"country_ID":15,"name":"Olancho"},{"province_ID":257,"country_ID":15,"name":"Santa Barbara"},{"province_ID":258,"country_ID":15,"name":"Valle"},{"province_ID":259,"country_ID":15,"name":"Yoro"},{"province_ID":260,"country_ID":16,"name":"Aguascalientes"},{"province_ID":261,"country_ID":16,"name":"Baja California"},{"province_ID":262,"country_ID":16,"name":"Baja California Sur"},{"province_ID":263,"country_ID":16,"name":"Campeche"},{"province_ID":264,"country_ID":16,"name":"Chiapas"},{"province_ID":265,"country_ID":16,"name":"Chihuahua"},{"province_ID":266,"country_ID":16,"name":"Coahuila de Zaragoza"},{"province_ID":267,"country_ID":16,"name":"Colima"},{"province_ID":268,"country_ID":16,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":269,"country_ID":16,"name":"Durango"},{"province_ID":270,"country_ID":16,"name":"Guanajuato"},{"province_ID":271,"country_ID":16,"name":"Guerrero"},{"province_ID":272,"country_ID":16,"name":"Hidalgo"},{"province_ID":273,"country_ID":16,"name":"Jalisco"},{"province_ID":274,"country_ID":16,"name":"Mexico"},{"province_ID":275,"country_ID":16,"name":"Michoacan de Ocampo"},{"province_ID":276,"country_ID":16,"name":"Morelos"},{"province_ID":277,"country_ID":16,"name":"Nayarit"},{"province_ID":278,"country_ID":16,"name":"Nuevo Leon"},{"province_ID":279,"country_ID":16,"name":"Oaxaca"},{"province_ID":280,"country_ID":16,"name":"Puebla"},{"province_ID":281,"country_ID":16,"name":"Queretaro de Arteaga"},{"province_ID":282,"country_ID":16,"name":"Quintana Roo"},{"province_ID":283,"country_ID":16,"name":"San Luis Potosi"},{"province_ID":284,"country_ID":16,"name":"Sinaloa"},{"province_ID":285,"country_ID":16,"name":"Sonora"},{"province_ID":286,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tabasco"},{"province_ID":287,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tamaulipas"},{"province_ID":288,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tlaxcala"},{"province_ID":289,"country_ID":16,"name":"Veracruz-Llave"},{"province_ID":290,"country_ID":16,"name":"Yucatan"},{"province_ID":291,"country_ID":16,"name":"Zacatecas"},{"province_ID":292,"country_ID":17,"name":"Atlantico Norte"},{"province_ID":293,"country_ID":17,"name":"Atlantico Sur"},{"province_ID":294,"country_ID":17,"name":"Boaco"},{"province_ID":295,"country_ID":17,"name":"Carazo"},{"province_ID":296,"country_ID":17,"name":"Chinandega"},{"province_ID":297,"country_ID":17,"name":"Chontales"},{"province_ID":298,"country_ID":17,"name":"Esteli"},{"province_ID":299,"country_ID":17,"name":"Granada"},{"province_ID":300,"country_ID":17,"name":"Jinotega"},{"province_ID":301,"country_ID":17,"name":"Leon"},{"province_ID":302,"country_ID":17,"name":"Madriz"},{"province_ID":303,"country_ID":17,"name":"Managua"},{"province_ID":304,"country_ID":17,"name":"Masaya"},{"province_ID":305,"country_ID":17,"name":"Matagalpa"},{"province_ID":306,"country_ID":17,"name":"Nueva Segovia"},{"province_ID":307,"country_ID":17,"name":"Rio San Juan"},{"province_ID":308,"country_ID":17,"name":"Rivas"},{"province_ID":309,"country_ID":18,"name":"Bocas del Toro"},{"province_ID":310,"country_ID":18,"name":"Chiriqui"},{"province_ID":311,"country_ID":18,"name":"Cocle"},{"province_ID":312,"country_ID":18,"name":"Colon"},{"province_ID":313,"country_ID":18,"name":"Darien"},{"province_ID":314,"country_ID":18,"name":"Herrera"},{"province_ID":315,"country_ID":18,"name":"Los Santos"},{"province_ID":316,"country_ID":18,"name":"Panama"},{"province_ID":317,"country_ID":18,"name":"San Blas"},{"province_ID":318,"country_ID":18,"name":"Veraguas"},{"province_ID":319,"country_ID":19,"name":"Alto Paraguay"},{"province_ID":320,"country_ID":19,"name":"Alto Parana"},{"province_ID":321,"country_ID":19,"name":"Amambay"},{"province_ID":322,"country_ID":19,"name":"Asuncion"},{"province_ID":323,"country_ID":19,"name":"Boqueron"},{"province_ID":324,"country_ID":19,"name":"Caaguazu"},{"province_ID":325,"country_ID":19,"name":"Caazapa"},{"province_ID":326,"country_ID":19,"name":"Canindeyu"},{"province_ID":327,"country_ID":19,"name":"Central"},{"province_ID":328,"country_ID":19,"name":"Concepcion"},{"province_ID":329,"country_ID":19,"name":"Cordillera"},{"province_ID":330,"country_ID":19,"name":"Guaira"},{"province_ID":331,"country_ID":19,"name":"Itapua"},{"province_ID":332,"country_ID":19,"name":"Misiones"},{"province_ID":333,"country_ID":19,"name":"Neembucu"},{"province_ID":334,"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguari"},{"province_ID":335,"country_ID":19,"name":"Presidente Hayes"},{"province_ID":336,"country_ID":19,"name":"San Pedro"},{"province_ID":337,"country_ID":20,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":338,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ancash"},{"province_ID":339,"country_ID":20,"name":"Apurimac"},{"province_ID":340,"country_ID":20,"name":"Arequipa"},{"province_ID":341,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ayacucho"},{"province_ID":342,"country_ID":20,"name":"Cajamarca"},{"province_ID":343,"country_ID":20,"name":"Callao"},{"province_ID":344,"country_ID":20,"name":"Cusco"},{"province_ID":345,"country_ID":20,"name":"Huancavelica"},{"province_ID":346,"country_ID":20,"name":"Huanuco"},{"province_ID":347,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ica"},{"province_ID":348,"country_ID":20,"name":"Junin"},{"province_ID":349,"country_ID":20,"name":"La Libertad"},{"province_ID":350,"country_ID":20,"name":"Lambayeque"},{"province_ID":351,"country_ID":20,"name":"Lima"},{"province_ID":352,"country_ID":20,"name":"Loreto"},{"province_ID":353,"country_ID":20,"name":"Madre de Dios"},{"province_ID":354,"country_ID":20,"name":"Moquegua"},{"province_ID":355,"country_ID":20,"name":"Pasco"},{"province_ID":356,"country_ID":20,"name":"Piura"},{"province_ID":357,"country_ID":20,"name":"Puno"},{"province_ID":358,"country_ID":20,"name":"San Martin"},{"province_ID":359,"country_ID":20,"name":"Tacna"},{"province_ID":360,"country_ID":20,"name":"Tumbes"},{"province_ID":361,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ucayali"},{"province_ID":362,"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico"},{"province_ID":363,"country_ID":22,"name":"Azua"},{"province_ID":364,"country_ID":22,"name":"Baoruco"},{"province_ID":365,"country_ID":22,"name":"Barahona"},{"province_ID":366,"country_ID":22,"name":"Dajabon"},{"province_ID":367,"country_ID":22,"name":"Distrito Nacional"},{"province_ID":368,"country_ID":22,"name":"Duarte"},{"province_ID":369,"country_ID":22,"name":"Elias Pina"},{"province_ID":370,"country_ID":22,"name":"El Seibo"},{"province_ID":371,"country_ID":22,"name":"Espaillat"},{"province_ID":372,"country_ID":22,"name":"Hato Mayor"},{"province_ID":373,"country_ID":22,"name":"Independencia"},{"province_ID":374,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Altagracia"},{"province_ID":375,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Romana"},{"province_ID":376,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Vega"},{"province_ID":377,"country_ID":22,"name":"Maria Trinidad Sanchez"},{"province_ID":378,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monsenor Nouel"},{"province_ID":379,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monte Cristi"},{"province_ID":380,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monte Plata"},{"province_ID":381,"country_ID":22,"name":"Pedernales"},{"province_ID":382,"country_ID":22,"name":"Peravia"},{"province_ID":383,"country_ID":22,"name":"Puerto Plata"},{"province_ID":384,"country_ID":22,"name":"Salcedo"},{"province_ID":385,"country_ID":22,"name":"Samana"},{"province_ID":386,"country_ID":22,"name":"Sanchez Ramirez"},{"province_ID":387,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Cristobal"},{"province_ID":388,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Jose de Ocoa"},{"province_ID":389,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Juan"},{"province_ID":390,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Pedro de Macoris"},{"province_ID":391,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santiago"},{"province_ID":392,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santiago Rodriguez"},{"province_ID":393,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santo Domingo"},{"province_ID":394,"country_ID":22,"name":"Valverde"},{"province_ID":395,"country_ID":23,"name":"Brokopondo"},{"province_ID":396,"country_ID":23,"name":"Commewijne"},{"province_ID":397,"country_ID":23,"name":"Coronie"},{"province_ID":398,"country_ID":23,"name":"Marowijne"},{"province_ID":399,"country_ID":23,"name":"Nickerie"},{"province_ID":400,"country_ID":23,"name":"Para"},{"province_ID":401,"country_ID":23,"name":"Paramaribo"},{"province_ID":402,"country_ID":23,"name":"Saramacca"},{"province_ID":403,"country_ID":23,"name":"Sipaliwini"},{"province_ID":404,"country_ID":23,"name":"Wanica"},{"province_ID":405,"country_ID":24,"name":"Artigas"},{"province_ID":406,"country_ID":24,"name":"Canelones"},{"province_ID":407,"country_ID":24,"name":"Cerro Largo"},{"province_ID":408,"country_ID":24,"name":"Colonia"},{"province_ID":409,"country_ID":24,"name":"Durazno"},{"province_ID":410,"country_ID":24,"name":"Flores"},{"province_ID":411,"country_ID":24,"name":"Florida"},{"province_ID":412,"country_ID":24,"name":"Lavalleja"},{"province_ID":413,"country_ID":24,"name":"Maldonado"},{"province_ID":414,"country_ID":24,"name":"Montevideo"},{"province_ID":415,"country_ID":24,"name":"Paysandu"},{"province_ID":416,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rio Negro"},{"province_ID":417,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rivera"},{"province_ID":418,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rocha"},{"province_ID":419,"country_ID":24,"name":"Salto"},{"province_ID":420,"country_ID":24,"name":"San Jose"},{"province_ID":421,"country_ID":24,"name":"Soriano"},{"province_ID":422,"country_ID":24,"name":"Tacuarembo"},{"province_ID":423,"country_ID":24,"name":"Treinta y Tres"},{"province_ID":424,"country_ID":25,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":425,"country_ID":25,"name":"Anzoategui"},{"province_ID":426,"country_ID":25,"name":"Apure"},{"province_ID":427,"country_ID":25,"name":"Aragua"},{"province_ID":428,"country_ID":25,"name":"Barinas"},{"province_ID":429,"country_ID":25,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":430,"country_ID":25,"name":"Carabobo"},{"province_ID":431,"country_ID":25,"name":"Cojedes"},{"province_ID":432,"country_ID":25,"name":"Delta Amacuro"},{"province_ID":433,"country_ID":25,"name":"Dependencias Federales"},{"province_ID":434,"country_ID":25,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":435,"country_ID":25,"name":"Falcon"},{"province_ID":436,"country_ID":25,"name":"Guarico"},{"province_ID":437,"country_ID":25,"name":"Lara"},{"province_ID":438,"country_ID":25,"name":"Merida"},{"province_ID":439,"country_ID":25,"name":"Miranda"},{"province_ID":440,"country_ID":25,"name":"Monagas"},{"province_ID":441,"country_ID":25,"name":"Nueva Esparta"},{"province_ID":442,"country_ID":25,"name":"Portuguesa"},{"province_ID":443,"country_ID":25,"name":"Sucre"},{"province_ID":444,"country_ID":25,"name":"Tachira"},{"province_ID":445,"country_ID":25,"name":"Trujillo"},{"province_ID":446,"country_ID":25,"name":"Vargas"},{"province_ID":447,"country_ID":25,"name":"Yaracuy"},{"province_ID":448,"country_ID":25,"name":"Zulia"},{"province_ID":449,"country_ID":26,"name":"Acre"},{"province_ID":450,"country_ID":26,"name":"Alagoas"},{"province_ID":451,"country_ID":26,"name":"Amapá"},{"province_ID":452,"country_ID":26,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":453,"country_ID":26,"name":"Bahia"},{"province_ID":454,"country_ID":26,"name":"Ceará"},{"province_ID":455,"country_ID":26,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":456,"country_ID":26,"name":"Espírito Santo"},{"province_ID":457,"country_ID":26,"name":"Goiás"},{"province_ID":458,"country_ID":26,"name":"Maranhão"},{"province_ID":459,"country_ID":26,"name":"Mato Grosso"},{"province_ID":460,"country_ID":26,"name":"Mato Grosso do Sul"},{"province_ID":461,"country_ID":26,"name":"Minas Gerais"},{"province_ID":462,"country_ID":26,"name":"Pará"},{"province_ID":463,"country_ID":26,"name":"Paraíba"},{"province_ID":464,"country_ID":26,"name":"Paraná"},{"province_ID":465,"country_ID":26,"name":"Pernambuco"},{"province_ID":466,"country_ID":26,"name":"Piauí"},{"province_ID":467,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"province_ID":468,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio Grande do Norte"},{"province_ID":469,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio Grande do Sul"},{"province_ID":470,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rondônia"},{"province_ID":471,"country_ID":26,"name":"Roraima"},{"province_ID":472,"country_ID":26,"name":"Santa Catarina"},{"province_ID":473,"country_ID":26,"name":"São Paulo"},{"province_ID":474,"country_ID":26,"name":"Sergipe"},{"province_ID":475,"country_ID":26,"name":"Tocantins"},{"province_ID":476,"country_ID":27,"name":"Álava"},{"province_ID":477,"country_ID":27,"name":"Albacete"},{"province_ID":478,"country_ID":27,"name":"Alicante"},{"province_ID":479,"country_ID":27,"name":"Almería"},{"province_ID":480,"country_ID":27,"name":"Principado de Asturias"},{"province_ID":481,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ávila"},{"province_ID":482,"country_ID":27,"name":"Badajoz"},{"province_ID":483,"country_ID":27,"name":"Barcelona"},{"province_ID":484,"country_ID":27,"name":"Burgos"},{"province_ID":485,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cáceres"},{"province_ID":486,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cádiz"},{"province_ID":487,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cantabria"},{"province_ID":488,"country_ID":27,"name":"Castellón"},{"province_ID":489,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ciudad Real"},{"province_ID":490,"country_ID":27,"name":"Córdoba"},{"province_ID":491,"country_ID":27,"name":"La Coruña"},{"province_ID":492,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cuenca"},{"province_ID":493,"country_ID":27,"name":"Gerona"},{"province_ID":494,"country_ID":27,"name":"Granada"},{"province_ID":495,"country_ID":27,"name":"Guadalajara"},{"province_ID":496,"country_ID":27,"name":"Guipúzcoa"},{"province_ID":497,"country_ID":27,"name":"Huelva"},{"province_ID":498,"country_ID":27,"name":"Huesca"},{"province_ID":499,"country_ID":27,"name":"Islas Baleares"},{"province_ID":500,"country_ID":27,"name":"Jaén"},{"province_ID":501,"country_ID":27,"name":"León"},{"province_ID":502,"country_ID":27,"name":"Lérida"},{"province_ID":503,"country_ID":27,"name":"Lugo"},{"province_ID":504,"country_ID":27,"name":"Madrid"},{"province_ID":505,"country_ID":27,"name":"Málaga"},{"province_ID":506,"country_ID":27,"name":"Región de Murcia"},{"province_ID":507,"country_ID":27,"name":"Comunidad Foral de Navarra"},{"province_ID":508,"country_ID":27,"name":"Orense"},{"province_ID":509,"country_ID":27,"name":"Palencia"},{"province_ID":510,"country_ID":27,"name":"Las Palmas"},{"province_ID":511,"country_ID":27,"name":"Pontevedra"},{"province_ID":512,"country_ID":27,"name":"La Rioja"},{"province_ID":513,"country_ID":27,"name":"Salamanca"},{"province_ID":514,"country_ID":27,"name":"Segovia"},{"province_ID":515,"country_ID":27,"name":"Sevilla"},{"province_ID":516,"country_ID":27,"name":"Soria"},{"province_ID":517,"country_ID":27,"name":"Tarragona"},{"province_ID":518,"country_ID":27,"name":"Santa Cruz de Tenerife"},{"province_ID":519,"country_ID":27,"name":"Teruel"},{"province_ID":520,"country_ID":27,"name":"Toledo"},{"province_ID":521,"country_ID":27,"name":"Valencia"},{"province_ID":522,"country_ID":27,"name":"Valladolid"},{"province_ID":523,"country_ID":27,"name":"Vizcaya"},{"province_ID":524,"country_ID":27,"name":"Zamora"},{"province_ID":525,"country_ID":27,"name":"Zaragoza"},{"province_ID":526,"country_ID":27,"name":"Melilla"},{"province_ID":527,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ceuta"},{"province_ID":528,"country_ID":28,"name":"Australia"},{"province_ID":529,"country_ID":29,"name":"Bahamas"},{"province_ID":530,"country_ID":30,"name":"Camerún"},{"province_ID":531,"country_ID":31,"name":"Italia"}],"occupations":["Agricultor,Productor Primario","Asesor Técnico","Vendedor de Fertilizantes","Vendedor de Agroquímicos","Vendedor de Semillas","Vendedor de Insumos Orgánicos","Vendedor de Agroinsumos en General","Profesor o Investigador","Estudiante","Sector Gobierno o Financiero","Otro","Productor Ganadero"],"siteKey":"6LcoBxwTAAAAAIHGYfRC7q_PWI1Ixdpc63kgLXLw"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":220,"function":"articleSignup","args":[{"article_ID":144,"views":34907,"title":"El níquel, esencial para la absorción del nitrógeno","fb_title":"","link":"niquel-esencial-para-la-absorcion-del-nitrogeno","desc":"La ureasa cataliza la hidrólisis de la urea, reacción que divide la molécula en amonio y dióxido de carbono. La deficiencia de Ni inhibe la acción de la ureasa y esta condición lleva a la acumulación de urea que provoca la presencia de manchas necróticas en las hojas. La deficiencia de Ni perturba el metabolismo de los ureidos, aminoácidos y ácidos orgánicos y se acumula ácido oxálico y láctico.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art154-niquel-esencial-para-absorcion-de-n\/Niquel-esencial-en-absorcion-de-nitrogeno.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":6,"related":"","keywords":"niquel,esencial,absorcion,nitrogeno","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Nutricion Vegetal\/35. El Ni esencial para la absorcion del N.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">En 2004, el n&iacute;quel fue reconocido por la Asociaci&oacute;n Americana Oficial de Control de Nutrientes Vegetales, como elemento esencial en plantas, dada su funci&oacute;n de catalizador o inhibidor y constituyente con la enzima ureasa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Deficiencia de Ni en hojas de leguminosas \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art154-niquel-esencial-para-absorcion-de-n\/Deficiencia-en-ni.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#5FB404\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Deficiencia de Ni en hojas de leguminosas. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>(McCarroll, 2011). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El n&iacute;quel es requerido por las plantas superiores en bajas concentraciones, pues es necesario en el metabolismo del nitr&oacute;geno y la germinaci&oacute;n de la planta. Sin embargo, a altas concentraciones es fitot&oacute;xico, ya que inhibe la actividad enzim&aacute;tica, el crecimiento, el metabolismo y la nutrici&oacute;n mineral.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;La ureasa cataliza la hidr&oacute;lisis de la urea, reacci&oacute;n que divide la mol&eacute;cula en amonio y di&oacute;xido de carbono. La deficiencia de Ni inhibe la acci&oacute;n de la ureasa y esta condici&oacute;n lleva a la acumulaci&oacute;n de urea que provoca la presencia de manchas necr&oacute;ticas en las hojas. La deficiencia de Ni perturba el metabolismo de los ureidos, amino&aacute;cidos y &aacute;cidos org&aacute;nicos y se acumula &aacute;cido ox&aacute;lico y l&aacute;ctico. Estos efectos sugieren que el Ni tiene varios roles importantes en el metabolismo de las plantas superiores.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La ureasa es la &uacute;nica enzima conocida en las plantas superiores que contiene n&iacute;quel, aunque los microorganismos fijadores de nitr&oacute;geno necesitan n&iacute;quel para la enzima que reincorpora parte del hidr&oacute;geno gaseoso generado durante la fijaci&oacute;n (el hidr&oacute;geno incorpora a la hidrogenasa). Algunas bacterias como el <em>Rhizobium<\/em> tienen dependencia del n&iacute;quel.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Las plantas con carencia de n&iacute;quel acumulan urea en sus hojas y como consecuencia los extremos de las hojas muestran necrosis.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Causas de la deficiencia de n&iacute;quel<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;La deficiencia de Ni puede presentarse por bajos contenidos del nutriente en formas disponibles en el suelo, o puede ser inducida por varios factores como los siguientes:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Alcalinidad relativamente elevada del suelo.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Altos contenidos de Ca, Mg, Cu o Zn que inhiben la absorci&oacute;n de Ni.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Reducci&oacute;n de la disponibilidad por excesiva aplicaci&oacute;n de cal.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Altos niveles de P del suelo que reduce la disponibilidad de Ni en el suelo o dentro de la misma planta.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Nem&aacute;todos que da&ntilde;an el sistema radicular y evitan la absorci&oacute;n de nutrientes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Usos pr&aacute;cticos del n&iacute;quel<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Se han realizado experimentos con cebada, papa y habas y se obtuvieron incrementos en rendimiento gracias a la aplicaci&oacute;n foliar de Ni.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Influencia de aplicaciones \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art154-niquel-esencial-para-absorcion-de-n\/Aplicaciones-foliares-Ni.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#0B4C5F; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 2. Influencia de aplicaciones foliares de Ni en brotes de &aacute;rboles deficientes de Ni. La planta de la derecha deficiente en Ni, mientras que la de la izquierda ha sido tratada con una aplicaci&oacute;n foliar de Ni. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">(Wood y Reilly, 2004).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Algunas plantas, como el nogal pecanero, necesitan especialmente el n&iacute;quel, ya que sin una cantidad suficiente, la enzima que convierte la urea en amoniaco no act&uacute;a, por lo que la urea puede acumularse hasta alcanzar una concentraci&oacute;n nociva para el &aacute;rbol. <strong><em>En los nogales pecaneros, la carencia de n&iacute;quel puede producir deformaciones f&iacute;sicas, un rendimiento m&aacute;s bajo, ca&iacute;da prematura del fruto, fotos&iacute;ntesis reducida, una mayor susceptibilidad a la sarna y menor supervivencia.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Influencia de la aplicación foliar de níquel.\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art154-niquel-esencial-para-absorcion-de-n\/Influencia-aplicacion-ni.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#7401DF; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 3. Influencia de la aplicaci&oacute;n foliar de n&iacute;quel. La rama en el lado izquierdo del &aacute;rbol fue tratada con Ni poco despu&eacute;s de la brotaci&oacute;n, mientras que la parte derecha de los &aacute;rboles no fue tratada. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">(Wood y Reilly, 2004).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La deficiencia de n&iacute;quel en leguminosas y en otras dicotiled&oacute;neas ocasiona una disminuci&oacute;n en la actividad de la enzima ureasa, condici&oacute;n que provoca la acumulaci&oacute;n de niveles t&oacute;xicos de urea y se manifiesta como una necrosis en la punta de las hojas. En soya, niveles bajos de Ni en el suelo pueden disminuir la nodulaci&oacute;n y el rendimiento en semilla, fen&oacute;meno que se explica por la participaci&oacute;n del Ni en la enzima hidrogenasa de las bacterias nitrificantes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Fuente:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Kutman, B.Y., Kutman, U.B. and Cakmak, I. 2014.&nbsp; Effects of seed nickel reserves or externally supplied nickel on the growth, nitrogen metabolites and nitrogen use efficiency of urea- or nitrate-fed soybean. Plant and Soil 376:261-276.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Malavolta, E., and M. F. Moraes. 2007. Nickel- from toxic to essential nutrient. Better Crops with Plant Food 91(3): 26-27.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Wood, B.W., Reilly, C.C., and Nyczepir, A.P. Nyczepir. 2004. Mouse-ear of Pecan: a Nickel Deficiency. Hortscience 36(6): 1238-1242.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-06-10 19:53:39","updated":"2019-04-21 23:44:24","published":"2015-06-10 20:28:06","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"nutricion-vegetal","article":"niquel-esencial-para-la-absorcion-del-nitrogeno","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"nutricion-vegetal","article":"niquel-esencial-para-la-absorcion-del-nitrogeno","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}