{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":597,"views":110111,"title":"El Hierro (Fe) en la Nutrición Vegetal","fb_title":"","link":"el-hierro-en-la-nutricion-vegetal","desc":"El hierro (Fe) es un micronutriente esencial para las plantas, ya que desempeña funciones claves en la síntesis de clorofila, mantiene la estructura de los cloroplastos y la actividad enzimática. La deficiencia de hierro, comúnmente conocida como clorosis férrica es uno de los desórdenes nutricionales más importantes que afecta a cereales, hortalizas y frutales, limitando su rendimiento.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/Clorosis%20ferrica.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":6,"related":"","keywords":"Hierro,Micronutrientes,Clorosis Ferrica,Deficiencia Nutrimental,Fotosíntesis,Proteínas,Fertilidad del Suelo","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Nutricion Vegetal\/130. El Hierro (Fe) en la Nutricion vegetal.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color:#008000\"><em>Abril de 2019<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><em><span style=\"color:#006400\">Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El hierro (Fe) es un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/funcion-de-nutrientes-esenciales-parte-2-micronutrintes\">micronutriente esencial<\/a> para las plantas, ya que desempe&ntilde;a funciones claves en la s&iacute;ntesis de clorofila, mantiene la estructura de los cloroplastos y la actividad enzim&aacute;tica. A pesar de que el hierro es el cuarto elemento m&aacute;s abundante en la tierra, y el suelo generalmente contiene entre 1 a 5 % de hierro total, la mayor parte del hierro en el suelo se encuentra en minerales de silicatos u &oacute;xidos e hidr&oacute;xidos de hierro, formas que no est&aacute;n disponibles para las plantas, lo que puede causar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/clorosis-ferrica\">deficiencias en los cultivos<\/a> y mermar los rendimientos. La deficiencia de hierro, com&uacute;nmente conocida como <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/la-fertilizacion-ferrica-en-citricos\">clorosis f&eacute;rrica<\/a> es uno de los des&oacute;rdenes nutricionales m&aacute;s importantes que afecta a cereales, hortalizas y frutales, limitando su rendimiento y causando p&eacute;rdidas econ&oacute;micas para los productores.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Hierro nutriente esencial\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/nutriente-esencial.jpg\" style=\"height:627px; width:1040px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 1.<\/strong> <strong>El hierro (Fe) es un nutriente esencial para las plantas, ya que desempe&ntilde;a funciones claves en la s&iacute;ntesis de clorofila y mantiene la estructura de los cloroplastos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Intagri.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\">\r\n<!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>El hierro (Fe) y la fotos&iacute;ntesis<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El hierro (Fe) es un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/funcion-de-nutrientes-esenciales-parte-2-micronutrintes\">nutriente <\/a>primordial en la fotos&iacute;ntesis al estar involucrado en la bios&iacute;ntesis de la clorofila y la formaci&oacute;n de las prote&iacute;nas de los cloroplastos.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Hierro Nutrición vegetal\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/Funciones-del-Hierro.jpg\" style=\"height:664px; width:960px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2. Funciones del Hierro en la planta.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: &Aacute;lvarez, F. 2000.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Formaci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas Fe-S: ferredoxina y transferencia de e<sup>-1<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La formaci&oacute;n de ferredoxina y transferencia de electrones es esencial en la asimilaci&oacute;n del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/formas-quimicas-de-absorcion-del-nitrogeno\">nitr&oacute;geno (N)<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/importancia-del-azufre-s-en-las-plantas\">azufre (S)<\/a>, la formaci&oacute;n de nicotinamida adenina dinucle&oacute;tido fosfato reducida (NADPH) para la asimilaci&oacute;n del di&oacute;xido de carbono en la fotos&iacute;ntesis, y en la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/fijacion-biologica-de-nitrogeno-atmosferico\">fijaci&oacute;n biol&oacute;gica del nitr&oacute;geno<\/a>. Las ferredoxinas son prote&iacute;nas con c&uacute;mulos de hierro-azufre que funcionan como acarreadores de electrones en diversas rutas metab&oacute;licas de las plantas y algunas de las enzimas dependientes de la ferredoxina son:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Nitrito reductasa, que reduce el nitrito a amonio (NH<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Glutamato sintasa, que sintetiza &aacute;cido glut&aacute;mico y la s&iacute;ntesis de este <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/aminoacidos-para-la-bioestimulacion-de-cultivos-hortofruticolas\">amino&aacute;cido<\/a> es el punto de entrada del nitr&oacute;geno a compuestos org&aacute;nicos, y ocurre en los cloroplastos o mitocondrias.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Sulfito reductasa, que reduce sulfito a sulfuro.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Ferredoxina-tiorredoxina reductasa, que reduce los puentes disulfuro de la tiorredoxina.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas de Deficiencias<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El s&iacute;ntoma principal de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/la-fertilizacion-ferrica-en-citricos\">deficiencia de hierro (Fe)<\/a> es la clorosis de las hojas m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes. Inicialmente, se desarrolla una clorosis intervenal amarilla, que se caracteriza por una red verde de venas marcadamente contrastantes. Tambi&eacute;n en las hojas viejas aparecen s&iacute;ntomas de amarilleo. En una deficiencia m&aacute;s avanzada la clorosis se vuelve blanca y las venas pueden perder su color verde. Las l&aacute;minas foliares gravemente afectadas se vuelven necr&oacute;ticas; la necrosis generalmente se disemina desde la punta y los m&aacute;rgenes hacia las zonas intervenales.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Deficiencia de hierro en cultivos\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/Deficiencia-de-hierro.jpg\" style=\"height:251px; width:1034px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 3. Deficiencia de hierro en c&iacute;tricos (A); Deficiencia de hierro en ma&iacute;z (B); Deficiencia de hierro en manzano (C).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: T. N. Rao (A); M.K. Sharma and P. Kumar (B); L. S. Murphy (C), IPNI.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Factores que favorecen la deficiencia de hierro en las plantas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La deficiencia de hierro afecta el desarrollo de la planta y disminuye el rendimiento y la calidad de muchos cultivos sensibles, lo que provoca importantes p&eacute;rdidas econ&oacute;micas para el agricultor. Los factores que contribuyen a la deficiencia de hierro en los suelos son:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>1.- pH del suelo.<\/strong> Suelos con pH elevado favorecen la deficiencia del hierro en las plantas, debido a que cuando m&aacute;s alcalino es el suelo, la solubilidad del hierro disminuye al pasar al estado f&eacute;rrico (Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>). Tambi&eacute;n la alta presencia de carbonatos provoca que el hierro se precipite en el suelo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>2.- Exceso de humedad y bicarbonatos. <\/strong>Suelos con alto contenido de agua pueden inducir la deficiencia de Fe, ya que el aire es desplazado de los espacios porosos del suelo y la respiraci&oacute;n de la ra&iacute;z disminuye el ox&iacute;geno y se incrementa la concentraci&oacute;n de CO<sub>2<\/sub>, tanto en el suelo como en las ra&iacute;ces. Esto resulta en un incremento del bicarbonato (HCO<sup>3-<\/sup>) que produce una inmovilizaci&oacute;n de hierro y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/la-fertilizacion-ferrica-en-citricos\">clorosis f&eacute;rrica<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>3.- Excesivo nivel de f&oacute;sforo en el suelo.<\/strong> Un alto nivel de f&oacute;sforo en el suelo induce la deficiencia del hierro, debido a que se produce la precipitaci&oacute;n de los iones fosfatos y f&eacute;rricos, dando lugar a los fosfatos de hierro, de insolubilidad muy elevada.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>4.- Bajo nivel de materia org&aacute;nica.<\/strong> Las mol&eacute;culas org&aacute;nicas de la fracci&oacute;n h&uacute;mica del suelo son elementos fundamentales para complejar y solubilizar el hierro. Entre mayor contenido de materia org&aacute;nica, mayor complejaci&oacute;n y disponibilidad del hierro para su absorci&oacute;n por las plantas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>5.- Respuesta variable de genotipo. <\/strong>Para superar la deficiencia de hierro, las plantas eficientes desarrollan diferentes estrategias:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\">Las plantas dicotiled&oacute;neas y no gram&iacute;neas desarrollan la estrategia I, donde aumentan el poder de reducci&oacute;n de Fe (III) de la ra&iacute;z a trav&eacute;s de una reductasa de quelato de Fe (III) junto con un aumento en la bios&iacute;ntesis de un transportador de Fe (II) y la acidificaci&oacute;n de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/suelos\/la-rizosfera-de-los-cultivos-la-clave-oculta-para-el-rendimiento\">riz&oacute;sfera<\/a>. Las plantas gram&iacute;neas (estrategia II) liberan a los agentes quelantes de Fe espec&iacute;ficos de la riz&oacute;sfera, llamados fitosider&oacute;foros, para solubilizar el Fe de los suelos. Adem&aacute;s, bajo la deficiencia de Fe y para aumentar la disponibilidad de este nutriente, las plantas exudan varios compuestos, principalmente (i) carboxilatos, como citrato y malato, que se originan en el metabolismo primerio, y (ii) fen&oacute;licos y flavinas, que se originan en el metabolismo secundario.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>6.- Interacci&oacute;n negativa con otros iones.<\/strong> La presencia de cationes como el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/el-manganeso-en-la-nutricion-vegetal\">Manganeso<\/a>, Cobre y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/la-importancia-del-zinc-en-las-plantas-y-su-dinamica-en-el-suelo\">Zinc<\/a> provoca que la deficiencia de hierro se acreciente, debido a que se produce una competencia entre estos cationes por los agentes complejantes y transportadores.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">INTAGRI. 2019. El Hierro (Fe) en la Nutrici&oacute;n Vegetal. Serie Nutrici&oacute;n Vegetal, N&uacute;m. 130. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lucena, J. J.; Hernandez, A. L. 2017. Iron nutrition in plants: an overview. <em>Plant Soil<\/em>, 418: 1-4.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Teresa, F. M. 2007. F&oacute;sforo: amigo o enemigo. ICIDCA, XLI (2): 51-57.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hochmuth, G. 2011. Iron (Fe) of Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF\/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS. Florida, EE.UU.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eskandari, H. 2011. The Importance of Iron (Fe) in Plant Products and Mechanism of Its Uptake by Plants. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1(10): 448-452.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Clorosis férrica en cultivos\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/hierro-en-aguacate.jpg\" style=\"height:620px; width:502px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 4. Deficiencia de hierro en aguacate (palto).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Shimokawa H., M. A., IPNI.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2019-04-29 14:02:16","updated":"2019-04-30 10:51:54","published":"2019-04-30 10:40:27","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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La deficiencia de hierro, comúnmente conocida como clorosis férrica es uno de los desórdenes nutricionales más importantes que afecta a cereales, hortalizas y frutales, limitando su rendimiento.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/Clorosis%20ferrica.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":6,"related":"","keywords":"Hierro,Micronutrientes,Clorosis Ferrica,Deficiencia Nutrimental,Fotosíntesis,Proteínas,Fertilidad del Suelo","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Nutricion Vegetal\/130. El Hierro (Fe) en la Nutricion vegetal.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p><span style=\"color:#008000\"><em>Abril de 2019<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><em><span style=\"color:#006400\">Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El hierro (Fe) es un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/funcion-de-nutrientes-esenciales-parte-2-micronutrintes\">micronutriente esencial<\/a> para las plantas, ya que desempe&ntilde;a funciones claves en la s&iacute;ntesis de clorofila, mantiene la estructura de los cloroplastos y la actividad enzim&aacute;tica. A pesar de que el hierro es el cuarto elemento m&aacute;s abundante en la tierra, y el suelo generalmente contiene entre 1 a 5 % de hierro total, la mayor parte del hierro en el suelo se encuentra en minerales de silicatos u &oacute;xidos e hidr&oacute;xidos de hierro, formas que no est&aacute;n disponibles para las plantas, lo que puede causar <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/clorosis-ferrica\">deficiencias en los cultivos<\/a> y mermar los rendimientos. La deficiencia de hierro, com&uacute;nmente conocida como <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/la-fertilizacion-ferrica-en-citricos\">clorosis f&eacute;rrica<\/a> es uno de los des&oacute;rdenes nutricionales m&aacute;s importantes que afecta a cereales, hortalizas y frutales, limitando su rendimiento y causando p&eacute;rdidas econ&oacute;micas para los productores.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Hierro nutriente esencial\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/nutriente-esencial.jpg\" style=\"height:627px; width:1040px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 1.<\/strong> <strong>El hierro (Fe) es un nutriente esencial para las plantas, ya que desempe&ntilde;a funciones claves en la s&iacute;ntesis de clorofila y mantiene la estructura de los cloroplastos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Intagri.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\">\r\n<!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>El hierro (Fe) y la fotos&iacute;ntesis<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El hierro (Fe) es un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/funcion-de-nutrientes-esenciales-parte-2-micronutrintes\">nutriente <\/a>primordial en la fotos&iacute;ntesis al estar involucrado en la bios&iacute;ntesis de la clorofila y la formaci&oacute;n de las prote&iacute;nas de los cloroplastos.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Hierro Nutrición vegetal\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/Funciones-del-Hierro.jpg\" style=\"height:664px; width:960px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2. Funciones del Hierro en la planta.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: &Aacute;lvarez, F. 2000.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Formaci&oacute;n de prote&iacute;nas Fe-S: ferredoxina y transferencia de e<sup>-1<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La formaci&oacute;n de ferredoxina y transferencia de electrones es esencial en la asimilaci&oacute;n del <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/formas-quimicas-de-absorcion-del-nitrogeno\">nitr&oacute;geno (N)<\/a> y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/importancia-del-azufre-s-en-las-plantas\">azufre (S)<\/a>, la formaci&oacute;n de nicotinamida adenina dinucle&oacute;tido fosfato reducida (NADPH) para la asimilaci&oacute;n del di&oacute;xido de carbono en la fotos&iacute;ntesis, y en la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/fijacion-biologica-de-nitrogeno-atmosferico\">fijaci&oacute;n biol&oacute;gica del nitr&oacute;geno<\/a>. Las ferredoxinas son prote&iacute;nas con c&uacute;mulos de hierro-azufre que funcionan como acarreadores de electrones en diversas rutas metab&oacute;licas de las plantas y algunas de las enzimas dependientes de la ferredoxina son:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Nitrito reductasa, que reduce el nitrito a amonio (NH<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Glutamato sintasa, que sintetiza &aacute;cido glut&aacute;mico y la s&iacute;ntesis de este <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/aminoacidos-para-la-bioestimulacion-de-cultivos-hortofruticolas\">amino&aacute;cido<\/a> es el punto de entrada del nitr&oacute;geno a compuestos org&aacute;nicos, y ocurre en los cloroplastos o mitocondrias.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Sulfito reductasa, que reduce sulfito a sulfuro.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Ferredoxina-tiorredoxina reductasa, que reduce los puentes disulfuro de la tiorredoxina.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas de Deficiencias<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El s&iacute;ntoma principal de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/la-fertilizacion-ferrica-en-citricos\">deficiencia de hierro (Fe)<\/a> es la clorosis de las hojas m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes. Inicialmente, se desarrolla una clorosis intervenal amarilla, que se caracteriza por una red verde de venas marcadamente contrastantes. Tambi&eacute;n en las hojas viejas aparecen s&iacute;ntomas de amarilleo. En una deficiencia m&aacute;s avanzada la clorosis se vuelve blanca y las venas pueden perder su color verde. Las l&aacute;minas foliares gravemente afectadas se vuelven necr&oacute;ticas; la necrosis generalmente se disemina desde la punta y los m&aacute;rgenes hacia las zonas intervenales.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Deficiencia de hierro en cultivos\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/Deficiencia-de-hierro.jpg\" style=\"height:251px; width:1034px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 3. Deficiencia de hierro en c&iacute;tricos (A); Deficiencia de hierro en ma&iacute;z (B); Deficiencia de hierro en manzano (C).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: T. N. Rao (A); M.K. Sharma and P. Kumar (B); L. S. Murphy (C), IPNI.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Factores que favorecen la deficiencia de hierro en las plantas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La deficiencia de hierro afecta el desarrollo de la planta y disminuye el rendimiento y la calidad de muchos cultivos sensibles, lo que provoca importantes p&eacute;rdidas econ&oacute;micas para el agricultor. Los factores que contribuyen a la deficiencia de hierro en los suelos son:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>1.- pH del suelo.<\/strong> Suelos con pH elevado favorecen la deficiencia del hierro en las plantas, debido a que cuando m&aacute;s alcalino es el suelo, la solubilidad del hierro disminuye al pasar al estado f&eacute;rrico (Fe<sup>3+<\/sup>). Tambi&eacute;n la alta presencia de carbonatos provoca que el hierro se precipite en el suelo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>2.- Exceso de humedad y bicarbonatos. <\/strong>Suelos con alto contenido de agua pueden inducir la deficiencia de Fe, ya que el aire es desplazado de los espacios porosos del suelo y la respiraci&oacute;n de la ra&iacute;z disminuye el ox&iacute;geno y se incrementa la concentraci&oacute;n de CO<sub>2<\/sub>, tanto en el suelo como en las ra&iacute;ces. Esto resulta en un incremento del bicarbonato (HCO<sup>3-<\/sup>) que produce una inmovilizaci&oacute;n de hierro y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/la-fertilizacion-ferrica-en-citricos\">clorosis f&eacute;rrica<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>3.- Excesivo nivel de f&oacute;sforo en el suelo.<\/strong> Un alto nivel de f&oacute;sforo en el suelo induce la deficiencia del hierro, debido a que se produce la precipitaci&oacute;n de los iones fosfatos y f&eacute;rricos, dando lugar a los fosfatos de hierro, de insolubilidad muy elevada.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>4.- Bajo nivel de materia org&aacute;nica.<\/strong> Las mol&eacute;culas org&aacute;nicas de la fracci&oacute;n h&uacute;mica del suelo son elementos fundamentales para complejar y solubilizar el hierro. Entre mayor contenido de materia org&aacute;nica, mayor complejaci&oacute;n y disponibilidad del hierro para su absorci&oacute;n por las plantas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>5.- Respuesta variable de genotipo. <\/strong>Para superar la deficiencia de hierro, las plantas eficientes desarrollan diferentes estrategias:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\">Las plantas dicotiled&oacute;neas y no gram&iacute;neas desarrollan la estrategia I, donde aumentan el poder de reducci&oacute;n de Fe (III) de la ra&iacute;z a trav&eacute;s de una reductasa de quelato de Fe (III) junto con un aumento en la bios&iacute;ntesis de un transportador de Fe (II) y la acidificaci&oacute;n de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/suelos\/la-rizosfera-de-los-cultivos-la-clave-oculta-para-el-rendimiento\">riz&oacute;sfera<\/a>. Las plantas gram&iacute;neas (estrategia II) liberan a los agentes quelantes de Fe espec&iacute;ficos de la riz&oacute;sfera, llamados fitosider&oacute;foros, para solubilizar el Fe de los suelos. Adem&aacute;s, bajo la deficiencia de Fe y para aumentar la disponibilidad de este nutriente, las plantas exudan varios compuestos, principalmente (i) carboxilatos, como citrato y malato, que se originan en el metabolismo primerio, y (ii) fen&oacute;licos y flavinas, que se originan en el metabolismo secundario.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:40px; text-align:justify\"><strong>6.- Interacci&oacute;n negativa con otros iones.<\/strong> La presencia de cationes como el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/el-manganeso-en-la-nutricion-vegetal\">Manganeso<\/a>, Cobre y <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal\/la-importancia-del-zinc-en-las-plantas-y-su-dinamica-en-el-suelo\">Zinc<\/a> provoca que la deficiencia de hierro se acreciente, debido a que se produce una competencia entre estos cationes por los agentes complejantes y transportadores.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">INTAGRI. 2019. El Hierro (Fe) en la Nutrici&oacute;n Vegetal. Serie Nutrici&oacute;n Vegetal, N&uacute;m. 130. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lucena, J. J.; Hernandez, A. L. 2017. Iron nutrition in plants: an overview. <em>Plant Soil<\/em>, 418: 1-4.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Teresa, F. M. 2007. F&oacute;sforo: amigo o enemigo. ICIDCA, XLI (2): 51-57.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hochmuth, G. 2011. Iron (Fe) of Plants. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF\/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS. Florida, EE.UU.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Eskandari, H. 2011. The Importance of Iron (Fe) in Plant Products and Mechanism of Its Uptake by Plants. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 1(10): 448-452.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Clorosis férrica en cultivos\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/2nutricion%20vegetal\/art577-hierro\/hierro-en-aguacate.jpg\" style=\"height:620px; width:502px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 4. Deficiencia de hierro en aguacate (palto).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Shimokawa H., M. A., IPNI.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2019-04-29 14:02:16","updated":"2019-04-30 10:51:54","published":"2019-04-30 10:40:27","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"nutricion-vegetal","article":"el-hierro-en-la-nutricion-vegetal","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"nutricion-vegetal","article":"el-hierro-en-la-nutricion-vegetal","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}