{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":388,"views":127117,"title":"La Industria de los Cultivos Hidropónicos","fb_title":"","link":"la-industria-de-los-cultivos-hidroponicos","desc":"A nivel mundial se estima que los cultivos hidropónicos generan ingresos por 821 millones de dólares con un crecimiento anual de 4.5 % de 2011 a 2016. En Norteamérica, el tomate representa el 56 % de la superficie hidropónica, mientras que en Sudamérica la lechuga ocupa el 49 % de la superficie de cultivos hidropónicos.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art394-cultivos-hidroponicos\/Cultivos-Hidroponicos.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":4,"related":"","keywords":"Hidroponia,Cultivos,Sin,Suelo,Tomate,Lechuga,Agua,Superficie,Rendimientos,Sistema,Invernaderos,Horticultura,Protegida,Sustrato,Solución,Nutritiva","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Horticultura Protegida\/31. La Industria de los Cultivos Hidroponicos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>Introducci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El desaf&iacute;o de producir m&aacute;s alimentos con menor superficie ha incentivado la adopci&oacute;n de la agricultura protegida en muchas regiones del mundo. Este sistema permite cultivar en ambientes protegidos donde se puede manejar factores ambientales como la luz, temperatura, precipitaci&oacute;n, viento, plagas y enfermedades, con la finalidad de incrementar los rendimientos por superficie. Dentro de la horticultura protegida, la hidroponia es una t&eacute;cnica que permite cultivar sin suelo, es decir, las plantas crecen en diferentes sustratos o incluso solo sobre una pel&iacute;cula de agua, como en el caso del sistema NFT o NGS (M&aacute;s informaci&oacute;n en: La Hidroponia: Cultivos sin Suelo).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Particularmente la producci&oacute;n de hortalizas en ambientes protegidos ha crecido, y de este, un alto porcentaje se produce mediante hidroponia. Las principales especies cultivadas en sistemas hidrop&oacute;nicos son: tomate, pimiento, pepino, lechuga, fresa, espinaca, chile habanero, especias y plantas medicinales.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La agricultura hidrop&oacute;nica ha crecido relativamente r&aacute;pido en M&eacute;xico en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os, resultado de los problemas relacionados al cultivo en suelo como: presencia de plagas como artr&oacute;podos y nematodos, escasez de agua y tierras degradadas, as&iacute; como las condiciones clim&aacute;ticas. Por otra parte, los cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos de recirculaci&oacute;n (sistema cerrado) son los m&aacute;s eficientes en el uso de los nutrientes, siendo el sistema agr&iacute;cola m&aacute;s sostenible econ&oacute;mico y ambientalmente.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>El mercado de los cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En M&eacute;xico, los cultivos establecidos en horticultura protegida son: tomate (54 %), pepino (16 %), pimiento (15 %), berenjena (10 %), otros (5 %) (SIAP, 2016). Se estima que del total de los cultivos establecidos bajo cubierta, aproximadamente el 50 % se encuentra cultivada en hidroponia (agua, fibra de coco, lana de roca, turba, tezontle, etc.).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" la-agricultura-hidroponica\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art394-cultivos-hidroponicos\/la-agricultura-hidroponica.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 153, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&nbsp;Figura 1. La agricultura hidrop&oacute;nica ha crecido debido a las ventajas que la hacen atractiva.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Fuente: Guti&eacute;rrez, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Lo anterior demuestra que la hidroponia es un sistema altamente atractivo para el productor que tiene dificultades para cultivar en suelo. Adem&aacute;s es un sistema que alcanza altos rendimientos, sin embargo requiere de capacitaci&oacute;n especializada del personal de campo y t&eacute;cnico encargado. Por otra parte, es un sistema din&aacute;mico que permite establecer distintos cultivos para diferentes necesidades (farmac&eacute;uticas, gastron&oacute;micas y medicinales).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">A nivel mundial se estima que los cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos generan ingresos por 821 millones de d&oacute;lares con un crecimiento anual de 4.5 % de 2011 a 2016, de acuerdo al informe de <em>IBIS World<\/em>. En Norteam&eacute;rica, el tomate representa el 56 % de la superficie hidrop&oacute;nica, mientras que en Sudam&eacute;rica es la lechuga con el 49 % de la superficie de cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos (Figura 2).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\"><img alt=\"Cultivos establecidos\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art394-cultivos-hidroponicos\/principales-cultivos-en-sistema-hidroponico.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 153, 0); text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 2. Gr&aacute;fica de los principales cultivos establecidos en sistemas hidrop&oacute;nicos en Norteam&eacute;rica (Izquierda) y Sudam&eacute;rica (derecha) en base a superficie.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Fuente: Manifest Mind, LCC. 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los principales cultivos establecidos en hidroponia son: tomate, lechuga, pimiento y pepino. Lo anterior se debe a que son cultivos altamente demandados, por lo que su rentabilidad es alta.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>Factores que han favorecido el crecimiento de la industria hidrop&oacute;nica<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El &eacute;xito de los cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos se debe a las ventajas del sistema, entre las cuales destacan:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Tiempo<\/strong>. Al producir bajo ambientes protegidos la incidencia del clima es m&iacute;nima, por lo que es posible producir fuera de la temporada t&iacute;pica de producci&oacute;n, incluso tener cosechas todo el a&ntilde;o mediante la producci&oacute;n escalonada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Valor.<\/strong> La sanidad con la que son producidas las hortalizas en hidroponia es m&aacute;s alta, ya que no existe contacto directo de los vegetales con el suelo, disminuyen las aplicaciones de plaguicidas y fertilizantes foliares, y de esta manera se evita que los frutos o las hojas entren en contacto con sustancias que puedan dejar residuos.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Ambiente.<\/strong> El uso de una soluci&oacute;n nutritiva es la manera m&aacute;s eficiente de usar fertilizantes. Sin embargo, la hidroponia con sistema de circulaci&oacute;n cerrada es la m&aacute;s sostenible, ya que se evita la p&eacute;rdida por lixiviaci&oacute;n, volatilizaci&oacute;n y los programas de nutrici&oacute;n se elaboran de acuerdo a la demanda del cultivo. Adem&aacute;s, se pueden usar fuentes org&aacute;nicas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Rentabilidad.<\/strong> Se ha demostrado que la producci&oacute;n hidrop&oacute;nica es m&aacute;s eficiente que la tradicional en cuanto a aprovechamiento de recursos y capacidad de producci&oacute;n por unidad de superficie. El aumento en los rendimientos obtenidos es muy notorio para todos los cultivos que se pueden adaptar a esta t&eacute;cnica en comparaci&oacute;n con la siembra en suelo (<strong>Cuadro 1<\/strong>), lo que se traduce en un mejor costo-beneficio.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Superficie.<\/strong> La salinidad y acidez de suelos, y la presencia de plagas y enfermedades en los mismos, principalmente nematodos, ha provocado que la superficie agr&iacute;cola apta para los cultivos disminuya dr&aacute;sticamente. Adem&aacute;s, el crecimiento demogr&aacute;fico acelerado y la demanda de alimentos han aumentado. Lo anterior pone a la hidroponia como una t&eacute;cnica alternativa, ya que es posible producir m&aacute;s en menor superficie.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Versatilidad.<\/strong> Se pueden cultivar no solo hortalizas comunes, tambi&eacute;n especias y flores de corte. Otra ventaja sobre el sistema tradicional es que no son obligadamente horizontales, puesto que hay estructuras en forma vertical que aprovechan mejor el espacio disponible. Lo anterior representa una alternativa para la agricultura urbana.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\">\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 153, 0); height:65px; width:335px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>&nbsp; Cuadro 1. Rendimiento de cultivos dos sistemas de producci&oacute;n: Suelo e hidropon&iacute;a.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Fuente: Resh, H.M. 1995.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Cultivo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Hidroponia (t\/ha)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>&nbsp; Suelo (t\/ha)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Arroz<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">6.0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">1.2<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Avena<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">2.8<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">1.12<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Betabel<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">30<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">10<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Col<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">20<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">14.5<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Frijol<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">50<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">12<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Tomate<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">200-700<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">25-30<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:13px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Lechuga<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:13px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">23<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:13px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">6-10<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Pepino<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">31-35<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">7-10<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Trigo<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">4.6<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">0.67<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p>Sin embargo, es un sistema que tambi&eacute;n presenta desventajas, entre las cuales destaca:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Inversi&oacute;n inicial.<\/strong> Al ser parte de la horticultura protegida requiere instalaciones adecuadas como son: estructuras de protecci&oacute;n, sistemas de riego tecnificado, fertilizantes solubles y de alta pureza, cadena de empaque, medio de distribuci&oacute;n, automatizaci&oacute;n, mantenimiento, etc.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Capacitaci&oacute;n.<\/strong> Las nuevas tecnolog&iacute;as requieren de gente capacitada y con experiencia en el tema. Este es uno de los principales puntos d&eacute;biles de la hidropon&iacute;a, ya que es dif&iacute;cil encontrar gente con amplia experiencia en estos sistemas. Adem&aacute;s, los trabajadores tienen que ser capacitados en temas de inocuidad, manejo del cultivo, empaque, entre otras.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Personal.<\/strong> La mano de obra es indispensable para las labores culturales, ya que por el crecimiento vigoroso e intensivo de los cultivos se requiere alta inversi&oacute;n en mano de obra.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Mercado. <\/strong>Ofrecer un buen producto requiere recuperar su costo, por eso algunas de las hortalizas que se producen usando esta t&eacute;cnica tienen un alto valor que la mayor&iacute;a de las personas no est&aacute;n dispuestos a pagar, siendo que el precio de hortalizas producidas convencionalmente es, en la mayor&iacute;a de los casos dos o tres veces m&aacute;s econ&oacute;mico. Los principales mercados de estos cultivos son los centros comerciales, hoteles o restaurantes, y principalmente &nbsp;los mercados de exportaci&oacute;n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#cc9900\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">INTAGRI. 2017. La Industria de los Cultivos Hidrop&oacute;nicos. Serie Horticultura Protegida. N&uacute;m. 31. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico.&nbsp; 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#cc9900\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">SIAP. 2016. Atlas Agroalimentario 2016.Servicio de Informaci&oacute;n Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. M&eacute;xico. 94-95.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">RESH, H.M. 1,995. Hydroponic Food, production. Woodbridge Press. San Ram&oacute;n California. Estados Unidos. 251 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Lacarra, G.A.R.; &amp; Garc&iacute;a, S.C. 2011. Validaci&oacute;n de Cinco Sistemas Hidrop&oacute;nicos para la Producci&oacute;n de Jitomate (<em>Lycopersicum esculentum<\/em> Mill.) y Lechuga (<em>Latuca sativa<\/em> L.) en Invernadero. Trabajo de Experiencia Recepcional. Universidad Veracruzana. Xalapa, Veracruz. 5-7 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Beltrano, J.; Gim&eacute;nez, D.O.2015. Cultivo en Hidropon&iacute;a. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 17-19 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">IBISWorld. 2016. Hydroponic Crop Farming: Market Research Report. IBISWorld Industry Research Divisi&oacute;n. 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En Norteamérica, el tomate representa el 56 % de la superficie hidropónica, mientras que en Sudamérica la lechuga ocupa el 49 % de la superficie de cultivos hidropónicos.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art394-cultivos-hidroponicos\/Cultivos-Hidroponicos.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":4,"related":"","keywords":"Hidroponia,Cultivos,Sin,Suelo,Tomate,Lechuga,Agua,Superficie,Rendimientos,Sistema,Invernaderos,Horticultura,Protegida,Sustrato,Solución,Nutritiva","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Horticultura Protegida\/31. La Industria de los Cultivos Hidroponicos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>Introducci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El desaf&iacute;o de producir m&aacute;s alimentos con menor superficie ha incentivado la adopci&oacute;n de la agricultura protegida en muchas regiones del mundo. Este sistema permite cultivar en ambientes protegidos donde se puede manejar factores ambientales como la luz, temperatura, precipitaci&oacute;n, viento, plagas y enfermedades, con la finalidad de incrementar los rendimientos por superficie. Dentro de la horticultura protegida, la hidroponia es una t&eacute;cnica que permite cultivar sin suelo, es decir, las plantas crecen en diferentes sustratos o incluso solo sobre una pel&iacute;cula de agua, como en el caso del sistema NFT o NGS (M&aacute;s informaci&oacute;n en: La Hidroponia: Cultivos sin Suelo).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Particularmente la producci&oacute;n de hortalizas en ambientes protegidos ha crecido, y de este, un alto porcentaje se produce mediante hidroponia. Las principales especies cultivadas en sistemas hidrop&oacute;nicos son: tomate, pimiento, pepino, lechuga, fresa, espinaca, chile habanero, especias y plantas medicinales.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La agricultura hidrop&oacute;nica ha crecido relativamente r&aacute;pido en M&eacute;xico en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os, resultado de los problemas relacionados al cultivo en suelo como: presencia de plagas como artr&oacute;podos y nematodos, escasez de agua y tierras degradadas, as&iacute; como las condiciones clim&aacute;ticas. Por otra parte, los cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos de recirculaci&oacute;n (sistema cerrado) son los m&aacute;s eficientes en el uso de los nutrientes, siendo el sistema agr&iacute;cola m&aacute;s sostenible econ&oacute;mico y ambientalmente.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>El mercado de los cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En M&eacute;xico, los cultivos establecidos en horticultura protegida son: tomate (54 %), pepino (16 %), pimiento (15 %), berenjena (10 %), otros (5 %) (SIAP, 2016). Se estima que del total de los cultivos establecidos bajo cubierta, aproximadamente el 50 % se encuentra cultivada en hidroponia (agua, fibra de coco, lana de roca, turba, tezontle, etc.).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" la-agricultura-hidroponica\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art394-cultivos-hidroponicos\/la-agricultura-hidroponica.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 153, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&nbsp;Figura 1. La agricultura hidrop&oacute;nica ha crecido debido a las ventajas que la hacen atractiva.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Fuente: Guti&eacute;rrez, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Lo anterior demuestra que la hidroponia es un sistema altamente atractivo para el productor que tiene dificultades para cultivar en suelo. Adem&aacute;s es un sistema que alcanza altos rendimientos, sin embargo requiere de capacitaci&oacute;n especializada del personal de campo y t&eacute;cnico encargado. Por otra parte, es un sistema din&aacute;mico que permite establecer distintos cultivos para diferentes necesidades (farmac&eacute;uticas, gastron&oacute;micas y medicinales).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">A nivel mundial se estima que los cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos generan ingresos por 821 millones de d&oacute;lares con un crecimiento anual de 4.5 % de 2011 a 2016, de acuerdo al informe de <em>IBIS World<\/em>. En Norteam&eacute;rica, el tomate representa el 56 % de la superficie hidrop&oacute;nica, mientras que en Sudam&eacute;rica es la lechuga con el 49 % de la superficie de cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos (Figura 2).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\"><img alt=\"Cultivos establecidos\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art394-cultivos-hidroponicos\/principales-cultivos-en-sistema-hidroponico.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 153, 0); text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 2. Gr&aacute;fica de los principales cultivos establecidos en sistemas hidrop&oacute;nicos en Norteam&eacute;rica (Izquierda) y Sudam&eacute;rica (derecha) en base a superficie.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Fuente: Manifest Mind, LCC. 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los principales cultivos establecidos en hidroponia son: tomate, lechuga, pimiento y pepino. Lo anterior se debe a que son cultivos altamente demandados, por lo que su rentabilidad es alta.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>Factores que han favorecido el crecimiento de la industria hidrop&oacute;nica<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El &eacute;xito de los cultivos hidrop&oacute;nicos se debe a las ventajas del sistema, entre las cuales destacan:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Tiempo<\/strong>. Al producir bajo ambientes protegidos la incidencia del clima es m&iacute;nima, por lo que es posible producir fuera de la temporada t&iacute;pica de producci&oacute;n, incluso tener cosechas todo el a&ntilde;o mediante la producci&oacute;n escalonada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Valor.<\/strong> La sanidad con la que son producidas las hortalizas en hidroponia es m&aacute;s alta, ya que no existe contacto directo de los vegetales con el suelo, disminuyen las aplicaciones de plaguicidas y fertilizantes foliares, y de esta manera se evita que los frutos o las hojas entren en contacto con sustancias que puedan dejar residuos.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Ambiente.<\/strong> El uso de una soluci&oacute;n nutritiva es la manera m&aacute;s eficiente de usar fertilizantes. Sin embargo, la hidroponia con sistema de circulaci&oacute;n cerrada es la m&aacute;s sostenible, ya que se evita la p&eacute;rdida por lixiviaci&oacute;n, volatilizaci&oacute;n y los programas de nutrici&oacute;n se elaboran de acuerdo a la demanda del cultivo. Adem&aacute;s, se pueden usar fuentes org&aacute;nicas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Rentabilidad.<\/strong> Se ha demostrado que la producci&oacute;n hidrop&oacute;nica es m&aacute;s eficiente que la tradicional en cuanto a aprovechamiento de recursos y capacidad de producci&oacute;n por unidad de superficie. El aumento en los rendimientos obtenidos es muy notorio para todos los cultivos que se pueden adaptar a esta t&eacute;cnica en comparaci&oacute;n con la siembra en suelo (<strong>Cuadro 1<\/strong>), lo que se traduce en un mejor costo-beneficio.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Superficie.<\/strong> La salinidad y acidez de suelos, y la presencia de plagas y enfermedades en los mismos, principalmente nematodos, ha provocado que la superficie agr&iacute;cola apta para los cultivos disminuya dr&aacute;sticamente. Adem&aacute;s, el crecimiento demogr&aacute;fico acelerado y la demanda de alimentos han aumentado. Lo anterior pone a la hidroponia como una t&eacute;cnica alternativa, ya que es posible producir m&aacute;s en menor superficie.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Versatilidad.<\/strong> Se pueden cultivar no solo hortalizas comunes, tambi&eacute;n especias y flores de corte. Otra ventaja sobre el sistema tradicional es que no son obligadamente horizontales, puesto que hay estructuras en forma vertical que aprovechan mejor el espacio disponible. Lo anterior representa una alternativa para la agricultura urbana.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\">\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 153, 0); height:65px; width:335px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>&nbsp; Cuadro 1. Rendimiento de cultivos dos sistemas de producci&oacute;n: Suelo e hidropon&iacute;a.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Fuente: Resh, H.M. 1995.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Cultivo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Hidroponia (t\/ha)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>&nbsp; Suelo (t\/ha)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Arroz<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">6.0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">1.2<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Avena<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">2.8<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">1.12<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Betabel<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">30<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">10<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Col<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">20<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">14.5<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Frijol<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">50<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:14px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">12<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Tomate<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">200-700<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">25-30<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:13px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Lechuga<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:13px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">23<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:13px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">6-10<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Pepino<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">31-35<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">7-10<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:83px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">&nbsp; Trigo<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:132px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">4.6<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:120px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">0.67<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p>Sin embargo, es un sistema que tambi&eacute;n presenta desventajas, entre las cuales destaca:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Inversi&oacute;n inicial.<\/strong> Al ser parte de la horticultura protegida requiere instalaciones adecuadas como son: estructuras de protecci&oacute;n, sistemas de riego tecnificado, fertilizantes solubles y de alta pureza, cadena de empaque, medio de distribuci&oacute;n, automatizaci&oacute;n, mantenimiento, etc.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Capacitaci&oacute;n.<\/strong> Las nuevas tecnolog&iacute;as requieren de gente capacitada y con experiencia en el tema. Este es uno de los principales puntos d&eacute;biles de la hidropon&iacute;a, ya que es dif&iacute;cil encontrar gente con amplia experiencia en estos sistemas. Adem&aacute;s, los trabajadores tienen que ser capacitados en temas de inocuidad, manejo del cultivo, empaque, entre otras.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Personal.<\/strong> La mano de obra es indispensable para las labores culturales, ya que por el crecimiento vigoroso e intensivo de los cultivos se requiere alta inversi&oacute;n en mano de obra.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Mercado. <\/strong>Ofrecer un buen producto requiere recuperar su costo, por eso algunas de las hortalizas que se producen usando esta t&eacute;cnica tienen un alto valor que la mayor&iacute;a de las personas no est&aacute;n dispuestos a pagar, siendo que el precio de hortalizas producidas convencionalmente es, en la mayor&iacute;a de los casos dos o tres veces m&aacute;s econ&oacute;mico. Los principales mercados de estos cultivos son los centros comerciales, hoteles o restaurantes, y principalmente &nbsp;los mercados de exportaci&oacute;n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#cc9900\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">INTAGRI. 2017. La Industria de los Cultivos Hidrop&oacute;nicos. Serie Horticultura Protegida. N&uacute;m. 31. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico.&nbsp; 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#cc9900\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">SIAP. 2016. Atlas Agroalimentario 2016.Servicio de Informaci&oacute;n Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. M&eacute;xico. 94-95.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">RESH, H.M. 1,995. Hydroponic Food, production. Woodbridge Press. San Ram&oacute;n California. Estados Unidos. 251 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Lacarra, G.A.R.; &amp; Garc&iacute;a, S.C. 2011. Validaci&oacute;n de Cinco Sistemas Hidrop&oacute;nicos para la Producci&oacute;n de Jitomate (<em>Lycopersicum esculentum<\/em> Mill.) y Lechuga (<em>Latuca sativa<\/em> L.) en Invernadero. Trabajo de Experiencia Recepcional. Universidad Veracruzana. Xalapa, Veracruz. 5-7 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Beltrano, J.; Gim&eacute;nez, D.O.2015. Cultivo en Hidropon&iacute;a. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 17-19 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">IBISWorld. 2016. Hydroponic Crop Farming: Market Research Report. IBISWorld Industry Research Divisi&oacute;n. Estados Unidos de Am&eacute;rica.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2017-04-05 10:51:14","updated":"2018-10-30 12:43:10","published":"2017-04-05 11:17:33","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/horticultura-protegida"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"horticultura-protegida","article":"la-industria-de-los-cultivos-hidroponicos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"horticultura-protegida","article":"la-industria-de-los-cultivos-hidroponicos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}