{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":310,"views":59365,"title":"La Caracterización de los Sustratos para la Horticultura","fb_title":"","link":"la-caracterizacion-de-los-sustratos-para-la-horticultura","desc":"Una alternativa para producir en áreas donde el crecimiento de los cultivos se ve restringido por problemas en el suelo es el uso de sustratos. El empleo de sustratos dentro de la horticultura protegida ha facilitado el uso de terrenos pedregosos o infértiles, además de reducir el contacto de las raíces con los patógenos del suelo. Las propiedades físicas y químicas de los sustratos influyen en el manejo del riego y la nutrición de las plantas, mientras que las propiedades biológicas afectan la estabilidad y la liberación de elementos o sustancias que pueden beneficiar o afectar al cultivo.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art321-caracterizacion-suelo\/Caracterizacion%20sustratos.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":4,"related":"","keywords":"sustrato,cultivo,horticultura,propiedades,química,biológica,física,manejo,nutrición,protegida,estabilidad,caracterización,liberación,elementos,densidad,soporte,fertilidad,producción,protección","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Horticultura Protegida\/24. La Caracterizacion de los Sustratos para la Horticultura.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El suelo es el medio m&aacute;s utilizado para la producci&oacute;n de cultivos; sin embargo, problemas como salinidad, compactaci&oacute;n, baja fertilidad, pat&oacute;genos, malezas y otros factores han limitado los rendimientos de los cultivos. Una alternativa para producir en &aacute;reas donde el crecimiento de los cultivos se ve restringido por problemas en el suelo es el uso de sustratos. Se entiende por sustrato a todo material s&oacute;lido de origen org&aacute;nico o mineral diferente al suelo, el cual colocado en un contenedor provee un medio adecuado para el crecimiento a las plantas, pudiendo o no intervenir en la nutrici&oacute;n del cultivo; tambi&eacute;n proporciona ox&iacute;geno, agua y di&oacute;xido de carbono.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#8B4513\"><strong>Importancia de caracterizar sustratos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El empleo de sustratos dentro de la horticultura protegida ha facilitado el uso de terrenos pedregosos o inf&eacute;rtiles, adem&aacute;s de reducir el contacto de las ra&iacute;ces con los pat&oacute;genos del suelo. En este sentido, conocer las caracter&iacute;sticas que aportan los distintos materiales locales y que pueden ser &uacute;tiles como sustrato, puede proveernos de algunas ventajas, ya que en primer lugar permitir&aacute; incrementar la&nbsp; disponibilidad de sustratos&nbsp; y con ello disminuir el costo de los mismos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Planta \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art321-caracterizacion-suelo\/planta-de-tomate.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #8B4513; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 1. Planta de tomate en sustrato de tezontle. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Castellanos ZJ. 2009. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Por otro lado, caracterizar &nbsp;los sustratos usados en la horticultura protegida es necesario, debido a que su calidad es clave para el manejo agron&oacute;mico del cultivo. Las propiedades f&iacute;sicas y qu&iacute;micas influyen en el manejo del riego y la nutrici&oacute;n de las plantas, mientras que las propiedades biol&oacute;gicas afectan la estabilidad y la liberaci&oacute;n de elementos o sustancias que pueden beneficiar o afectar al cultivo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#8B4513\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas de los sustratos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las caracter&iacute;sticas de los sustratos dependen de m&uacute;ltiples factores; pero de manera general para favorecer el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, sin importar su origen, deber&aacute;n poseer lo siguiente:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Est&eacute;ril o f&aacute;cil de esterilizar, econ&oacute;mico y disponible localmente<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Aceptable pH, CE, CIC y una moderada capacidad tamp&oacute;n<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Baja salinidad<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Baja densidad aparente<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Buena retenci&oacute;n de humedad y f&aacute;cilmente disponible<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Adecuada permeabilidad, capilaridad, estable y durable<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Buena aireaci&oacute;n y drenaje<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el mercado no existe sustrato que re&uacute;na todas las caracter&iacute;sticas anteriormente descritas, ya que la composici&oacute;n o mezcla de este se debe adecuar en funci&oacute;n de las necesidades propias de cada explotaci&oacute;n. Otros criterios para la selecci&oacute;n de un sustrato es considerar la relaci&oacute;n beneficio\/costo del mismo, disponibilidad en la zona, facilidad de manejo, compatibilidad para la realizaci&oacute;n de mezclas, cultivo a establecer, clima, dimensiones de los contenedores, programa de fertirriego, entre otros.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Origen.<\/strong> Los sustratos se clasifican por su naturaleza ya sea org&aacute;nica o inorg&aacute;nica. Los de naturaleza org&aacute;nica (naturales o procesados) son las turbas, compostas, vermicomposta y algunos subproductos de la agroindustria tales como fibra de coco, cascarilla de arroz, aserr&iacute;n y bagazo de ca&ntilde;a. Estos productos son qu&iacute;micamente reactivos ya que poseen una alta capacidad de intercambio cati&oacute;nico (CIC). Este tipo de sustratos tienen una mayor capacidad amortiguadora ante posibles errores o cambios imprevistos en la soluci&oacute;n nutritiva aportada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Aquellos sustratos de naturaleza inorg&aacute;nica tales como arena, grava, roca volc&aacute;nica (tezontle), perlita, vermiculita y lana de roca, son materiales qu&iacute;micamente inertes y su principal funci&oacute;n es proporcionar el soporte f&iacute;sico a la planta. Estos sustratos permiten un mejor control de la nutrici&oacute;n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:880px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); height:33px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 1. Materiales residuales y subproductos que pueden ser utilizados como sustratos.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Quintero <em>et al. <\/em>2011.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Actividad<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Material <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:36px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Explotaci&oacute;n forestal<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:36px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Mantillo vegetal o tierra de bosque, hojas, ac&iacute;culas, corteza de &aacute;rboles. Aserr&iacute;n o viruta de madera, corcho, pi&ntilde;as y cascaras de pi&ntilde;ones<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Explotaci&oacute;n agr&iacute;cola<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Pajas, compost de champi&ntilde;ones, restos de poda, restos de tallo, restos de ca&ntilde;a de az&uacute;car, fibra&nbsp; de coco.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Explotaci&oacute;n ganadera<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Esti&eacute;rcoles<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Industria agroalimentaria<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Orujo de uva, de aceitunas, palma de aceite, l&uacute;pulo, malta, residuos de caf&eacute;, hojas de t&eacute;, residuos de cacao, cascarilla de arroz, carbonos activados, restos vegetales, cascaras de frutos secos.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Yacimientos naturales, explotaci&oacute;n minera y construcci&oacute;n.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Turbas, tierra, arena gruesa, granito, perlita expandida, vermiculita, arcilla expandida, lana de roca, fibra de vidrio, piedras volc&aacute;nicas, piedras p&oacute;mez.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Policarbonatos de s&iacute;ntesis<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Poliestireno expandido y poliuretanos<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Explotaciones marinas<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Algas&nbsp; y plantas marinas.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\r\n\t\t\t<\/table>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Propiedades f&iacute;sicas.<\/strong> Para determinar los atributos del sustrato se deben conocer algunas caracter&iacute;sticas&nbsp; f&iacute;sicas como la densidad aparente, la cual debe ser preferentemente baja para facilitar la penetraci&oacute;n de las ra&iacute;ces a trav&eacute;s del sustrato. Los sustratos minerales tienen una elevada densidad real y una densidad aparente muy baja, es por ello que son materiales muy porosos. &nbsp;En general un sustrato artificial tiene una granulometr&iacute;a mucho m&aacute;s gruesa que un suelo para facilitar la aireaci&oacute;n, aunque esto va en detrimento de la retenci&oacute;n de agua. Al realizar una mezcla a base de sustratos org&aacute;nicos y minerales, se debe buscar el equilibrio entre retenci&oacute;n de agua y aireaci&oacute;n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Propiedades qu&iacute;micas.<\/strong> Estas propiedades son importantes en el sustrato, ya que de ellas depender&aacute; en gran parte la disponibilidad de nutrientes. El pH es la propiedad de la cual depende la disponibilidad en mayor o menor medida los iones de nutrientes. Un pH bajo puede ocasionar deficiencias de K, Ca, Mg y B, mientras que por arriba de 6.5 pueden disminuir la disponibilidad de Fe, Mn, Zn y Cu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:800px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); height:18px; width:661px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 2. Niveles &oacute;ptimos en las propiedades f&iacute;sicas y fisicoqu&iacute;micas de un sustrato. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Mart&iacute;nez y Roca, 2011.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Propiedad<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Rango de valores<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Tama&ntilde;o&nbsp; de part&iacute;cula (mm)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">0.25 &ndash; 2.50<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Densidad aparente (g.cm<sup>-3<\/sup>)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&lt; 0.75<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Densidad real (g.cm<sup>-3<\/sup>)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">1.45 &ndash; 2.65<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Espacio poroso total (% vol.)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&gt;85<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Capacidad&nbsp; de aireaci&oacute;n (% vol.)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">20 - 30<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Agua f&aacute;cilmente disponible (% vol.)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">4 &ndash; 10<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Contracci&oacute;n<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&lt; 30<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">pH ( en el extracto de&nbsp; saturaci&oacute;n)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">5.0 &ndash; 6.5<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:70px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Conductividad el&eacute;ctrica<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">(en el extracto de saturaci&oacute;n)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:70px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&lt;0.7 sin riesgo<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">0.7 &ndash; 2.0 adecuado<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">2.0 &ndash; 3.5 riesgo de salinizaci&oacute;n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&gt;3.5 excesivo<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"height:20px; width:661px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Capacidad&nbsp; de intercambio cati&oacute;nico (CIC)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Fertirriego permanente<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Nula o muy baja<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:4px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Fertirriego ocasional<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:4px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&gt;20<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\r\n\t\t\t<\/table>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Algunas consideraciones para el caso de sustratos org&aacute;nicos es su bioestabilidad, refiri&eacute;ndose est&aacute; a la resistencia a la descomposici&oacute;n por la acci&oacute;n microbiana. Una baja bioestabilidad provoca deficiencias de ox&iacute;geno y nitr&oacute;geno, adem&aacute;s de liberar sustancias fitot&oacute;xicas, contracci&oacute;n del sustrato, disminuci&oacute;n de la aireaci&oacute;n, entre otros efectos. Una manera pr&aacute;ctica para determinar la fitotoxicidad es realizando ensayos&nbsp; de germinaci&oacute;n con especies sensibles como lechuga y berros para determinar si el sustrato pudiera tener alguna sustancia que inhiba el crecimiento de la planta. Estas pruebas solo se deben realizar en laboratorio y en sustratos nuevos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Castellanos, Z. J. 2009. Manual de Producci&oacute;n de Tomate en Invernadero. Ed. Intagri. Celaya, Guanajuato.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Quintero C. M. F., Gonz&aacute;lez M. C. A.; Guzm&aacute;n P. J. M. 2011. Sustratos para Cultivos Hort&iacute;colas y Flores de Corte. En: Fl&oacute;rez R., V.J. (Ed.). Sustratos, manejo del clima, automatizaci&oacute;n y control en sistemas de cultivo sin suelo. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. 79-108 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Mart&iacute;nez P. F.; Roca D. 2011. Sustratos para el Cultivo sin Suelo. Materiales, Propiedades y Manejo. En: Fl&oacute;rez R., V.J. (Ed.). Sustratos, manejo del clima, automatizaci&oacute;n y control en sistemas de cultivo sin suelo. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. 37-77 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/cursos\/presenciales\/curso-internacional-sobre-nutricion-de-cultivos-2017\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Nutrición de cultivos \" src=\"\/assets\/images\/Cursos_presenciales\/2017\/19.-nutricion-de-cultivos\/Banner-nutricion-cakmak.jpg\" style=\"height:400px; width:800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-09-28 19:38:30","updated":"2017-11-17 13:08:38","published":"2016-09-28 19:43:46","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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El empleo de sustratos dentro de la horticultura protegida ha facilitado el uso de terrenos pedregosos o infértiles, además de reducir el contacto de las raíces con los patógenos del suelo. Las propiedades físicas y químicas de los sustratos influyen en el manejo del riego y la nutrición de las plantas, mientras que las propiedades biológicas afectan la estabilidad y la liberación de elementos o sustancias que pueden beneficiar o afectar al cultivo.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art321-caracterizacion-suelo\/Caracterizacion%20sustratos.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":4,"related":"","keywords":"sustrato,cultivo,horticultura,propiedades,química,biológica,física,manejo,nutrición,protegida,estabilidad,caracterización,liberación,elementos,densidad,soporte,fertilidad,producción,protección","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Horticultura Protegida\/24. La Caracterizacion de los Sustratos para la Horticultura.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El suelo es el medio m&aacute;s utilizado para la producci&oacute;n de cultivos; sin embargo, problemas como salinidad, compactaci&oacute;n, baja fertilidad, pat&oacute;genos, malezas y otros factores han limitado los rendimientos de los cultivos. Una alternativa para producir en &aacute;reas donde el crecimiento de los cultivos se ve restringido por problemas en el suelo es el uso de sustratos. Se entiende por sustrato a todo material s&oacute;lido de origen org&aacute;nico o mineral diferente al suelo, el cual colocado en un contenedor provee un medio adecuado para el crecimiento a las plantas, pudiendo o no intervenir en la nutrici&oacute;n del cultivo; tambi&eacute;n proporciona ox&iacute;geno, agua y di&oacute;xido de carbono.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#8B4513\"><strong>Importancia de caracterizar sustratos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El empleo de sustratos dentro de la horticultura protegida ha facilitado el uso de terrenos pedregosos o inf&eacute;rtiles, adem&aacute;s de reducir el contacto de las ra&iacute;ces con los pat&oacute;genos del suelo. En este sentido, conocer las caracter&iacute;sticas que aportan los distintos materiales locales y que pueden ser &uacute;tiles como sustrato, puede proveernos de algunas ventajas, ya que en primer lugar permitir&aacute; incrementar la&nbsp; disponibilidad de sustratos&nbsp; y con ello disminuir el costo de los mismos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Planta \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art321-caracterizacion-suelo\/planta-de-tomate.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #8B4513; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 1. Planta de tomate en sustrato de tezontle. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Castellanos ZJ. 2009. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Por otro lado, caracterizar &nbsp;los sustratos usados en la horticultura protegida es necesario, debido a que su calidad es clave para el manejo agron&oacute;mico del cultivo. Las propiedades f&iacute;sicas y qu&iacute;micas influyen en el manejo del riego y la nutrici&oacute;n de las plantas, mientras que las propiedades biol&oacute;gicas afectan la estabilidad y la liberaci&oacute;n de elementos o sustancias que pueden beneficiar o afectar al cultivo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#8B4513\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas de los sustratos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las caracter&iacute;sticas de los sustratos dependen de m&uacute;ltiples factores; pero de manera general para favorecer el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, sin importar su origen, deber&aacute;n poseer lo siguiente:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Est&eacute;ril o f&aacute;cil de esterilizar, econ&oacute;mico y disponible localmente<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Aceptable pH, CE, CIC y una moderada capacidad tamp&oacute;n<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Baja salinidad<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Baja densidad aparente<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Buena retenci&oacute;n de humedad y f&aacute;cilmente disponible<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Adecuada permeabilidad, capilaridad, estable y durable<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Buena aireaci&oacute;n y drenaje<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el mercado no existe sustrato que re&uacute;na todas las caracter&iacute;sticas anteriormente descritas, ya que la composici&oacute;n o mezcla de este se debe adecuar en funci&oacute;n de las necesidades propias de cada explotaci&oacute;n. Otros criterios para la selecci&oacute;n de un sustrato es considerar la relaci&oacute;n beneficio\/costo del mismo, disponibilidad en la zona, facilidad de manejo, compatibilidad para la realizaci&oacute;n de mezclas, cultivo a establecer, clima, dimensiones de los contenedores, programa de fertirriego, entre otros.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Origen.<\/strong> Los sustratos se clasifican por su naturaleza ya sea org&aacute;nica o inorg&aacute;nica. Los de naturaleza org&aacute;nica (naturales o procesados) son las turbas, compostas, vermicomposta y algunos subproductos de la agroindustria tales como fibra de coco, cascarilla de arroz, aserr&iacute;n y bagazo de ca&ntilde;a. Estos productos son qu&iacute;micamente reactivos ya que poseen una alta capacidad de intercambio cati&oacute;nico (CIC). Este tipo de sustratos tienen una mayor capacidad amortiguadora ante posibles errores o cambios imprevistos en la soluci&oacute;n nutritiva aportada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Aquellos sustratos de naturaleza inorg&aacute;nica tales como arena, grava, roca volc&aacute;nica (tezontle), perlita, vermiculita y lana de roca, son materiales qu&iacute;micamente inertes y su principal funci&oacute;n es proporcionar el soporte f&iacute;sico a la planta. Estos sustratos permiten un mejor control de la nutrici&oacute;n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:880px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); height:33px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 1. Materiales residuales y subproductos que pueden ser utilizados como sustratos.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Quintero <em>et al. <\/em>2011.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Actividad<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Material <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:36px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Explotaci&oacute;n forestal<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:36px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Mantillo vegetal o tierra de bosque, hojas, ac&iacute;culas, corteza de &aacute;rboles. Aserr&iacute;n o viruta de madera, corcho, pi&ntilde;as y cascaras de pi&ntilde;ones<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Explotaci&oacute;n agr&iacute;cola<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Pajas, compost de champi&ntilde;ones, restos de poda, restos de tallo, restos de ca&ntilde;a de az&uacute;car, fibra&nbsp; de coco.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Explotaci&oacute;n ganadera<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Esti&eacute;rcoles<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Industria agroalimentaria<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:33px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Orujo de uva, de aceitunas, palma de aceite, l&uacute;pulo, malta, residuos de caf&eacute;, hojas de t&eacute;, residuos de cacao, cascarilla de arroz, carbonos activados, restos vegetales, cascaras de frutos secos.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Yacimientos naturales, explotaci&oacute;n minera y construcci&oacute;n.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Turbas, tierra, arena gruesa, granito, perlita expandida, vermiculita, arcilla expandida, lana de roca, fibra de vidrio, piedras volc&aacute;nicas, piedras p&oacute;mez.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Policarbonatos de s&iacute;ntesis<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Poliestireno expandido y poliuretanos<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:208px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Explotaciones marinas<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:32px; width:472px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Algas&nbsp; y plantas marinas.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\r\n\t\t\t<\/table>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Propiedades f&iacute;sicas.<\/strong> Para determinar los atributos del sustrato se deben conocer algunas caracter&iacute;sticas&nbsp; f&iacute;sicas como la densidad aparente, la cual debe ser preferentemente baja para facilitar la penetraci&oacute;n de las ra&iacute;ces a trav&eacute;s del sustrato. Los sustratos minerales tienen una elevada densidad real y una densidad aparente muy baja, es por ello que son materiales muy porosos. &nbsp;En general un sustrato artificial tiene una granulometr&iacute;a mucho m&aacute;s gruesa que un suelo para facilitar la aireaci&oacute;n, aunque esto va en detrimento de la retenci&oacute;n de agua. Al realizar una mezcla a base de sustratos org&aacute;nicos y minerales, se debe buscar el equilibrio entre retenci&oacute;n de agua y aireaci&oacute;n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Propiedades qu&iacute;micas.<\/strong> Estas propiedades son importantes en el sustrato, ya que de ellas depender&aacute; en gran parte la disponibilidad de nutrientes. El pH es la propiedad de la cual depende la disponibilidad en mayor o menor medida los iones de nutrientes. Un pH bajo puede ocasionar deficiencias de K, Ca, Mg y B, mientras que por arriba de 6.5 pueden disminuir la disponibilidad de Fe, Mn, Zn y Cu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:800px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); height:18px; width:661px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 2. Niveles &oacute;ptimos en las propiedades f&iacute;sicas y fisicoqu&iacute;micas de un sustrato. <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Mart&iacute;nez y Roca, 2011.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Propiedad<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Rango de valores<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Tama&ntilde;o&nbsp; de part&iacute;cula (mm)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">0.25 &ndash; 2.50<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Densidad aparente (g.cm<sup>-3<\/sup>)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&lt; 0.75<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Densidad real (g.cm<sup>-3<\/sup>)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">1.45 &ndash; 2.65<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Espacio poroso total (% vol.)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&gt;85<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Capacidad&nbsp; de aireaci&oacute;n (% vol.)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">20 - 30<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Agua f&aacute;cilmente disponible (% vol.)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">4 &ndash; 10<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Contracci&oacute;n<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&lt; 30<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">pH ( en el extracto de&nbsp; saturaci&oacute;n)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">5.0 &ndash; 6.5<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:70px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Conductividad el&eacute;ctrica<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">(en el extracto de saturaci&oacute;n)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:70px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&lt;0.7 sin riesgo<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">0.7 &ndash; 2.0 adecuado<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">2.0 &ndash; 3.5 riesgo de salinizaci&oacute;n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&gt;3.5 excesivo<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"height:20px; width:661px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Capacidad&nbsp; de intercambio cati&oacute;nico (CIC)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Fertirriego permanente<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Nula o muy baja<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:4px; width:336px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Fertirriego ocasional<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<td style=\"height:4px; width:326px\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&gt;20<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/tbody>\r\n\t\t\t<\/table>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Algunas consideraciones para el caso de sustratos org&aacute;nicos es su bioestabilidad, refiri&eacute;ndose est&aacute; a la resistencia a la descomposici&oacute;n por la acci&oacute;n microbiana. Una baja bioestabilidad provoca deficiencias de ox&iacute;geno y nitr&oacute;geno, adem&aacute;s de liberar sustancias fitot&oacute;xicas, contracci&oacute;n del sustrato, disminuci&oacute;n de la aireaci&oacute;n, entre otros efectos. Una manera pr&aacute;ctica para determinar la fitotoxicidad es realizando ensayos&nbsp; de germinaci&oacute;n con especies sensibles como lechuga y berros para determinar si el sustrato pudiera tener alguna sustancia que inhiba el crecimiento de la planta. Estas pruebas solo se deben realizar en laboratorio y en sustratos nuevos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Castellanos, Z. J. 2009. Manual de Producci&oacute;n de Tomate en Invernadero. Ed. Intagri. Celaya, Guanajuato.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Quintero C. M. F., Gonz&aacute;lez M. C. A.; Guzm&aacute;n P. J. M. 2011. Sustratos para Cultivos Hort&iacute;colas y Flores de Corte. En: Fl&oacute;rez R., V.J. (Ed.). Sustratos, manejo del clima, automatizaci&oacute;n y control en sistemas de cultivo sin suelo. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. 79-108 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Mart&iacute;nez P. F.; Roca D. 2011. Sustratos para el Cultivo sin Suelo. Materiales, Propiedades y Manejo. En: Fl&oacute;rez R., V.J. (Ed.). Sustratos, manejo del clima, automatizaci&oacute;n y control en sistemas de cultivo sin suelo. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogot&aacute;, Colombia. 37-77 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/cursos\/presenciales\/curso-internacional-sobre-nutricion-de-cultivos-2017\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Nutrición de cultivos \" src=\"\/assets\/images\/Cursos_presenciales\/2017\/19.-nutricion-de-cultivos\/Banner-nutricion-cakmak.jpg\" style=\"height:400px; width:800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-09-28 19:38:30","updated":"2017-11-17 13:08:38","published":"2016-09-28 19:43:46","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/horticultura-protegida"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"horticultura-protegida","article":"la-caracterizacion-de-los-sustratos-para-la-horticultura","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"horticultura-protegida","article":"la-caracterizacion-de-los-sustratos-para-la-horticultura","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}