{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":221,"views":161590,"title":"Importancia de la Radiación Solar en la Producción Bajo Invernadero","fb_title":"","link":"importancia-de-la-radiacion-solar-en-la-produccion-bajo-invernadero","desc":"La radiación solar se puede considerar el factor ambiental más importante en los cultivos bajo invernadero, pues influye en procesos relacionados con la fotosíntesis, los balances de agua y energía, y el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo. Por tal motivo, el manejo de la radiación solar en la producción bajo invernadero es sin duda una de las actividades más importantes en la Horticultura Protegida.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/Radiacion-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":4,"related":",14,","keywords":"importancia,radiacion,solar,produccion,bajo,invernadero","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Horticultura Protegida\/17. Importancia del Manejo de la Radiacion Solar en la Produccion Bajo Invernadero.pdf","text":"<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" style=\"width:900px\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:right\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La radiaci&oacute;n solar se puede considerar el factor ambiental m&aacute;s importante en los cultivos bajo invernadero, pues influye en procesos relacionados con la fotos&iacute;ntesis, los balances de agua y energ&iacute;a, y el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo. Por tal motivo, el manejo de la radiaci&oacute;n solar en la producci&oacute;n bajo invernadero es sin duda una de las actividades m&aacute;s importantes en la Horticultura Protegida, dicha importancia se sustenta en la relaci&oacute;n directa que existe entre la producci&oacute;n de materia seca y rendimiento con la cantidad de radiaci&oacute;n interceptada por el cultivo. La radiaci&oacute;n solar es la fuente de energ&iacute;a utilizada por las plantas en el proceso de fotos&iacute;ntesis, y la eficiencia de su aprovechamiento por las plantas va a depender de la longitud de onda que esta presenta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"Clasificacion\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/clasificacion.jpg\" style=\"height:97px; width:709px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La Radiaci&oacute;n Fotosint&eacute;ticamente Activa (RFA) es el tipo de radiaci&oacute;n que favorece el proceso de fotos&iacute;ntesis en las plantas; radiaciones mayores a 700 nm no favorecen la fotos&iacute;ntesis, pero si generan la acumulaci&oacute;n de calor en el invernadero. La RFA representa entre el 45 &ndash; 50 % de la radiaci&oacute;n solar total recibida, y es la de mayor calidad para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los cultivos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En los sistemas de producci&oacute;n bajo invernadero, para un adecuado manejo de la radiaci&oacute;n solar es necesario analizar los factores que pueden modificar la calidad y cantidad de la radiaci&oacute;n que llega a las plantas, as&iacute; como los requerimientos de luz de cada cultivo o variedad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>An&aacute;lisis de la radiaci&oacute;n solar en Holanda, Espa&ntilde;a y M&eacute;xico <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El manejo de la radiaci&oacute;n solar es muy diverso y depende principalmente de la cantidad y calidad de radiaci&oacute;n solar que se presenta en la zona de producci&oacute;n. En el Cuadro 2, se muestra la media diaria de la radiaci&oacute;n solar acumulada en diferentes pa&iacute;ses, as&iacute; como una clasificaci&oacute;n de la radiaci&oacute;n en base a las necesidades de los cultivos en invernadero.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">M&eacute;xico presenta mejores condiciones en cuanto a radiaci&oacute;n solar para un desarrollo &oacute;ptimo de las plantas, por lo que no es necesario ejecutar pr&aacute;cticas que ayuden a incrementar la cantidad de luz. Para el caso de Almer&iacute;a, Espa&ntilde;a, la radiaci&oacute;n solar acumulada es muy variable, haciendo que el manejo de la radiaci&oacute;n sea especifico de acuerdo a la &eacute;poca del a&ntilde;o. Por su parte, Holanda presenta una radiaci&oacute;n muy baja, siendo una limitante para el desarrollo de los cultivos en gran parte del a&ntilde;o, por ello, de forma general, es necesario generar estrategias que permitan incrementar la calidad y cantidad de luz dentro del invernadero para que este no sea un factor limitante en la producci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"Radiacion\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/radiacion.jpg\" style=\"height:397px; width:702px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Requerimientos de radiaci&oacute;n por los cultivos <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La radiaci&oacute;n es la fuente m&aacute;s importante de energ&iacute;a y tiene relaci&oacute;n pr&aacute;cticamente con todos los procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos de la planta. La radiaci&oacute;n solar puede medirse en forma instant&aacute;nea en: Radiaci&oacute;n global (W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>), RFA (&micro;mol\/m<sup>2<\/sup>s), RFA (W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>), y Luz visible (Lux). Cuando se integra este valor a trav&eacute;s del tiempo, se expresa la cantidad de energ&iacute;a acumulada en determinado periodo. Normalmente se hace en minutos, horas o en un d&iacute;a completo. De esta manera, una radicaci&oacute;n global de 1 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup> durante un segundo es igual a 1 J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s; entonces en 1 hora tendr&iacute;amos 3,600 J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\/h. Suponiendo que en una hora se tuviera una radiaci&oacute;n global media&nbsp; de 400 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>, esto equivale a 400 J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s, y a 1, 440,000 J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\/h. Un mill&oacute;n de Joules equivalen a 1 MJ, entonces esa cifra equivale a 1.44 MJ m<sup>2<\/sup>\/h. Si esa fuera la radiaci&oacute;n media durante 12 horas del d&iacute;a, entonces la radiaci&oacute;n acumulada en todo el d&iacute;a ser&iacute;a de 17.3 MJ m<sup>2<\/sup>\/d&iacute;a. Ya anteriormente se hab&iacute;a mencionado que la radiaci&oacute;n fotosint&eacute;ticamente activa equivale al 45 &ndash; 50 % de la radiaci&oacute;n global, que para fines pr&aacute;cticos se usa m&aacute;s com&uacute;nmente la mitad. En el cuadro 3 y 4, se muestran las equivalencias entre las unidades de medici&oacute;n y las necesidades de radiaci&oacute;n en 3 cultivos bajo invernadero, respectivamente. Como puede percatarse, cada cultivo o variedad difiere en sus necesidades de radiaci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"Equivalencias\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/equivalencias.jpg\" style=\"height:324px; width:650px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Consideraciones para el dise&ntilde;o de invernaderos respecto a la radiaci&oacute;n solar<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En la actualidad existen varios tipos de cubiertas de pl&aacute;stico, mallas sombra y pantallas, mediante las cuales es posible modificar la calidad y cantidad de energ&iacute;a luminosa en los invernaderos, sin embargo, existen consideraciones para lograr el mejor aprovechamiento de la radiaci&oacute;n solar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Los materiales usados como cubierta en los invernaderos, salvo excepciones, deben ser transparentes a las radiaciones luminosas para permitir el paso de la luz visible.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Todos los materiales empleados para cubiertas de invernaderos reflejan una fracci&oacute;n de la luz que reciben del sol, que va del 20 &ndash; 30 %, generalmente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Al dise&ntilde;ar un invernadero, debe evitarse la formaci&oacute;n de zonas sombreadas de las mismas estructuras, al proyectar e incidir en el interior, siendo estas lo m&aacute;s delgadas posibles para evitar interrumpir el paso de la luz.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En la actualidad existen materiales para cubiertas que difunden la luz que pasa a trav&eacute;s de ellos convirti&eacute;ndola en luz difusa, la cual tiene la particularidad de no emitir sombras y llegar a todas partes y en todas direcciones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La cantidad de luz que penetra a los invernaderos depende de la orientaci&oacute;n de los mismos y de la forma o dise&ntilde;o de la estructura, pero sobre todo del &aacute;ngulo de la cubierta con respecto al sol.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Es recomendable que los materiales de cubierta de los invernaderos transmitan del 85 &ndash; 90 % de la luz solar incidente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Des&oacute;rdenes fisiol&oacute;gicos en tomate influenciados por la radiaci&oacute;n solar<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Los des&oacute;rdenes fisiol&oacute;gicos, tambi&eacute;n llamadas enfermedades abi&oacute;ticas son una serie de anomal&iacute;as en diferentes estructuras de la planta, generalmente debidas a condiciones clim&aacute;ticas adversas entre las que se encuentra una baja o alta radiaci&oacute;n solar interaccionando con otros factores. A continuaci&oacute;n se presentan algunos des&oacute;rdenes fisiol&oacute;gicos del tomate asociados a la radicaci&oacute;n solar:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Grietas en frutos. <\/strong>Son provocadas por alta radiaci&oacute;n solar y alta temperatura, riego irregular, fluctuaciones de la humedad del suelo y una alta humedad del aire, increment&aacute;ndose si se realiz&oacute; una poda fuerte de hojas y bajos niveles de K, Ca y Mg.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Maduraci&oacute;n manchada (payaseado). <\/strong>Es favorecido por bajas temperaturas en el invernadero, baja radiaci&oacute;n solar, alta nubosidad y alta humedad relativa.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Hoja enrollada. <\/strong>Se presenta cuando la planta es sometida a condiciones extremas de altas o bajas temperaturas y radiaci&oacute;n directa del sol sobre la planta.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Frutos huecos. <\/strong>Son ocasionados por el excesivo uso de N, la baja radiaci&oacute;n solar y el empleo de variedades sensibles a este desorden.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Golpe de sol. <\/strong>Se produce por una exposici&oacute;n directa del fruto a los rayos del sol, lo cual genera un &aacute;rea blanca brillante y correosa, generalmente se presenta cuando se realizan podas fuertes de hojas.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Desordenes fisiologicos en el cultivos de tomate \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/desordenes.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 1. Desórdenes fisiológicos en el cultivo de tomate.                                                                             <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Fuente: Jaramillo et al., 2006.                      <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Bastida, T. A.; Ram&iacute;rez, A. J. A.,&nbsp; 2002. Invernaderos en M&eacute;xico. Dise&ntilde;o, construcci&oacute;n y manejo. Departamento de Preparatoria Agr&iacute;cola. Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Chapingo. Chapingo, M&eacute;xico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Castellanos, R. J. Z., 2009. Manual de Producci&oacute;n de Tomate en Invernadero. Ed. Intagri. Celaya, Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico. 458 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">D&iacute;az, V. S. G., 2012.Efecto de la Radiaci&oacute;n en el Desarrollo Fenol&oacute;gico, Rendimiento y Calidad en Policultivo: Chile, Jitomate, Ma&iacute;z, Frijol y Amaranto en condiciones de Invernadero. Universidad de Quer&eacute;taro. Tesis MC. Quer&eacute;taro, M&eacute;xico. 52 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Hern&aacute;ndez, J.; Escobar, I.; Castilla, N., 2001. La Radiaci&oacute;n Solar en Invernaderos Mediterr&aacute;neos. Revista Horticultura 157. Espa&ntilde;a. 18-26 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Jaramillo, N. J.; Rodr&iacute;guez, V. P.; Guzm&aacute;n, A. M.; Zapata, M. A., 2006. El Cultivo de Tomate Bajo Invernadero. Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n La Selva (CORPOICA). Antioquia, Colombia. Bolet&iacute;n T&eacute;cnico 21. 48 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Polania, A.; P&eacute;rez. G.; Camacho, S., 1982. Respuesta Fotosint&eacute;tica de algunas Variedades de Ma&iacute;z, Frijol y Caf&eacute;. Revista Colombiana de Qu&iacute;mica, Vol. 11. 82 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Resh, H. M., 2006. Pimientos Hidrop&oacute;nicos. Curso Pr&aacute;ctico Internacional de Hidropon&iacute;a.&nbsp; Lima, Per&uacute;. 79 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/cursos\/presenciales\/curso-avanzado-de-produccion-de-hortalizas-en-invernadero-y-malla-sombra-culiacan\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Hortalizas\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/Cursos_presenciales\/2017\/8.%20Curso-avanzado-de-produccion-de-hortalizas\/BANNER%20culiacan-01.jpg\" style=\"height:437px; width:874px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-04-06 10:36:52","updated":"2018-05-30 19:05:15","published":"2016-04-06 10:56:11","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. Dominicana","iso2":"do","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":23,"name":"Surinam","iso2":"sr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":24,"name":"Uruguay","iso2":"uy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":25,"name":"Venezuela","iso2":"ve","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":26,"name":"Brasil","iso2":"br","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":27,"name":"España","iso2":"es","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":28,"name":"Australia","iso2":"au","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":29,"name":"Bahamas","iso2":"bs","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":30,"name":"Camerún","iso2":"cm","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":31,"name":"Italia","iso2":"it","badge":"USD","conversion":19}],"provinces":[{"province_ID":1,"country_ID":1,"name":"Buenos Aires"},{"province_ID":2,"country_ID":1,"name":"Buenos Aires Capital"},{"province_ID":3,"country_ID":1,"name":"Catamarca"},{"province_ID":4,"country_ID":1,"name":"Chaco"},{"province_ID":5,"country_ID":1,"name":"Chubut"},{"province_ID":6,"country_ID":1,"name":"Cordoba"},{"province_ID":7,"country_ID":1,"name":"Corrientes"},{"province_ID":8,"country_ID":1,"name":"Entre Rios"},{"province_ID":9,"country_ID":1,"name":"Formosa"},{"province_ID":10,"country_ID":1,"name":"Jujuy"},{"province_ID":11,"country_ID":1,"name":"La Pampa"},{"province_ID":12,"country_ID":1,"name":"La Rioja"},{"province_ID":13,"country_ID":1,"name":"Mendoza"},{"province_ID":14,"country_ID":1,"name":"Misiones"},{"province_ID":15,"country_ID":1,"name":"Neuquen"},{"province_ID":16,"country_ID":1,"name":"Rio Negro"},{"province_ID":17,"country_ID":1,"name":"Salta"},{"province_ID":18,"country_ID":1,"name":"San Juan"},{"province_ID":19,"country_ID":1,"name":"San Luis"},{"province_ID":20,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santa Cruz"},{"province_ID":21,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santa Fe"},{"province_ID":22,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santiago del Estero"},{"province_ID":23,"country_ID":1,"name":"Tierra del Fuego"},{"province_ID":24,"country_ID":1,"name":"Tucuman"},{"province_ID":25,"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice"},{"province_ID":26,"country_ID":2,"name":"Cayo"},{"province_ID":27,"country_ID":2,"name":"Corozal"},{"province_ID":28,"country_ID":2,"name":"Orange Walk"},{"province_ID":29,"country_ID":2,"name":"Stann Creek"},{"province_ID":30,"country_ID":2,"name":"Toledo"},{"province_ID":31,"country_ID":3,"name":"Chuquisaca"},{"province_ID":32,"country_ID":3,"name":"Cochabamba"},{"province_ID":33,"country_ID":3,"name":"Beni"},{"province_ID":34,"country_ID":3,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":35,"country_ID":3,"name":"Oruro"},{"province_ID":36,"country_ID":3,"name":"Pando"},{"province_ID":37,"country_ID":3,"name":"Potosi"},{"province_ID":38,"country_ID":3,"name":"Santa Cruz"},{"province_ID":39,"country_ID":3,"name":"Tarija"},{"province_ID":40,"country_ID":4,"name":"Alberta"},{"province_ID":41,"country_ID":4,"name":"British Columbia"},{"province_ID":42,"country_ID":4,"name":"Manitoba"},{"province_ID":43,"country_ID":4,"name":"New Brunswick"},{"province_ID":44,"country_ID":4,"name":"Newfoundland and Labrador"},{"province_ID":45,"country_ID":4,"name":"Nova Scotia"},{"province_ID":46,"country_ID":4,"name":"Ontario"},{"province_ID":47,"country_ID":4,"name":"Prince Edward Island"},{"province_ID":48,"country_ID":4,"name":"Quebec"},{"province_ID":49,"country_ID":4,"name":"Saskatchewan"},{"province_ID":50,"country_ID":4,"name":"Northwest Territories"},{"province_ID":51,"country_ID":4,"name":"Nunavut"},{"province_ID":52,"country_ID":4,"name":"Yukon"},{"province_ID":53,"country_ID":5,"name":"Aysen"},{"province_ID":54,"country_ID":5,"name":"Antofagasta"},{"province_ID":55,"country_ID":5,"name":"Araucania"},{"province_ID":56,"country_ID":5,"name":"Atacama"},{"province_ID":57,"country_ID":5,"name":"Bio-Bio"},{"province_ID":58,"country_ID":5,"name":"Coquimbo"},{"province_ID":59,"country_ID":5,"name":"O'Higgins"},{"province_ID":60,"country_ID":5,"name":"Los Lagos"},{"province_ID":61,"country_ID":5,"name":"Magallanes y la Antartica Chilena"},{"province_ID":62,"country_ID":5,"name":"Maule"},{"province_ID":63,"country_ID":5,"name":"Santiago Region Metropolitana"},{"province_ID":64,"country_ID":5,"name":"Tarapaca"},{"province_ID":65,"country_ID":5,"name":"Valparaiso"},{"province_ID":66,"country_ID":6,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":67,"country_ID":6,"name":"Antioquia"},{"province_ID":68,"country_ID":6,"name":"Arauca"},{"province_ID":69,"country_ID":6,"name":"Atlantico"},{"province_ID":70,"country_ID":6,"name":"Bogota District Capital"},{"province_ID":71,"country_ID":6,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":72,"country_ID":6,"name":"Boyaca"},{"province_ID":73,"country_ID":6,"name":"Caldas"},{"province_ID":74,"country_ID":6,"name":"Caqueta"},{"province_ID":75,"country_ID":6,"name":"Casanare"},{"province_ID":76,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cauca"},{"province_ID":77,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cesar"},{"province_ID":78,"country_ID":6,"name":"Choco"},{"province_ID":79,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cordoba"},{"province_ID":80,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cundinamarca"},{"province_ID":81,"country_ID":6,"name":"Guainia"},{"province_ID":82,"country_ID":6,"name":"Guaviare"},{"province_ID":83,"country_ID":6,"name":"Huila"},{"province_ID":84,"country_ID":6,"name":"La Guajira"},{"province_ID":85,"country_ID":6,"name":"Magdalena"},{"province_ID":86,"country_ID":6,"name":"Meta"},{"province_ID":87,"country_ID":6,"name":"Narino"},{"province_ID":88,"country_ID":6,"name":"Norte de Santander"},{"province_ID":89,"country_ID":6,"name":"Putumayo"},{"province_ID":90,"country_ID":6,"name":"Quindio"},{"province_ID":91,"country_ID":6,"name":"Risaralda"},{"province_ID":92,"country_ID":6,"name":"San Andres & Providencia"},{"province_ID":93,"country_ID":6,"name":"Santander"},{"province_ID":94,"country_ID":6,"name":"Sucre"},{"province_ID":95,"country_ID":6,"name":"Tolima"},{"province_ID":96,"country_ID":6,"name":"Valle del Cauca"},{"province_ID":97,"country_ID":6,"name":"Vaupes"},{"province_ID":98,"country_ID":6,"name":"Vichada"},{"province_ID":99,"country_ID":7,"name":"Alajuela"},{"province_ID":100,"country_ID":7,"name":"Cartago"},{"province_ID":101,"country_ID":7,"name":"Guanacaste"},{"province_ID":102,"country_ID":7,"name":"Heredia"},{"province_ID":103,"country_ID":7,"name":"Limon"},{"province_ID":104,"country_ID":7,"name":"Puntarenas"},{"province_ID":105,"country_ID":7,"name":"San Jose"},{"province_ID":106,"country_ID":8,"name":"Camaguey"},{"province_ID":107,"country_ID":8,"name":"Ciego de Avila"},{"province_ID":108,"country_ID":8,"name":"Cienfuegos"},{"province_ID":109,"country_ID":8,"name":"Ciudad de La Habana"},{"province_ID":110,"country_ID":8,"name":"Granma"},{"province_ID":111,"country_ID":8,"name":"Guantanamo"},{"province_ID":112,"country_ID":8,"name":"Holguin"},{"province_ID":113,"country_ID":8,"name":"Isla de la Juventud"},{"province_ID":114,"country_ID":8,"name":"La Habana"},{"province_ID":115,"country_ID":8,"name":"Las Tunas"},{"province_ID":116,"country_ID":8,"name":"Matanzas"},{"province_ID":117,"country_ID":8,"name":"Pinar del Rio"},{"province_ID":118,"country_ID":8,"name":"Sancti Spiritus"},{"province_ID":119,"country_ID":8,"name":"Santiago de Cuba"},{"province_ID":120,"country_ID":8,"name":"Villa Clara"},{"province_ID":121,"country_ID":9,"name":"Azuay"},{"province_ID":122,"country_ID":9,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":123,"country_ID":9,"name":"Canar"},{"province_ID":124,"country_ID":9,"name":"Carchi"},{"province_ID":125,"country_ID":9,"name":"Chimborazo"},{"province_ID":126,"country_ID":9,"name":"Cotopaxi"},{"province_ID":127,"country_ID":9,"name":"El Oro"},{"province_ID":128,"country_ID":9,"name":"Esmeraldas"},{"province_ID":129,"country_ID":9,"name":"Galapagos"},{"province_ID":130,"country_ID":9,"name":"Guayas"},{"province_ID":131,"country_ID":9,"name":"Imbabura"},{"province_ID":132,"country_ID":9,"name":"Loja"},{"province_ID":133,"country_ID":9,"name":"Los Rios"},{"province_ID":134,"country_ID":9,"name":"Manabi"},{"province_ID":135,"country_ID":9,"name":"Morona-Santiago"},{"province_ID":136,"country_ID":9,"name":"Napo"},{"province_ID":137,"country_ID":9,"name":"Orellana"},{"province_ID":138,"country_ID":9,"name":"Pastaza"},{"province_ID":139,"country_ID":9,"name":"Pichincha"},{"province_ID":140,"country_ID":9,"name":"Sucumbios"},{"province_ID":141,"country_ID":9,"name":"Tungurahua"},{"province_ID":142,"country_ID":9,"name":"Zamora-Chinchipe"},{"province_ID":143,"country_ID":10,"name":"Ahuachapan"},{"province_ID":144,"country_ID":10,"name":"Cabanas"},{"province_ID":145,"country_ID":10,"name":"Chalatenango"},{"province_ID":146,"country_ID":10,"name":"Cuscatlan"},{"province_ID":147,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Libertad"},{"province_ID":148,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":149,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Union"},{"province_ID":150,"country_ID":10,"name":"Morazan"},{"province_ID":151,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Miguel"},{"province_ID":152,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Salvador"},{"province_ID":153,"country_ID":10,"name":"Santa Ana"},{"province_ID":154,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Vicente"},{"province_ID":155,"country_ID":10,"name":"Sonsonate"},{"province_ID":156,"country_ID":10,"name":"Usulutan"},{"province_ID":157,"country_ID":11,"name":"Alabama"},{"province_ID":158,"country_ID":11,"name":"Alaska"},{"province_ID":159,"country_ID":11,"name":"Arizona"},{"province_ID":160,"country_ID":11,"name":"Arkansas"},{"province_ID":161,"country_ID":11,"name":"California"},{"province_ID":162,"country_ID":11,"name":"Colorado"},{"province_ID":163,"country_ID":11,"name":"Connecticut"},{"province_ID":164,"country_ID":11,"name":"Delaware"},{"province_ID":165,"country_ID":11,"name":"District of Columbia"},{"province_ID":166,"country_ID":11,"name":"Florida"},{"province_ID":167,"country_ID":11,"name":"Georgia"},{"province_ID":168,"country_ID":11,"name":"Hawaii"},{"province_ID":169,"country_ID":11,"name":"Idaho"},{"province_ID":170,"country_ID":11,"name":"Illinois"},{"province_ID":171,"country_ID":11,"name":"Indiana"},{"province_ID":172,"country_ID":11,"name":"Iowa"},{"province_ID":173,"country_ID":11,"name":"Kansas"},{"province_ID":174,"country_ID":11,"name":"Kentucky"},{"province_ID":175,"country_ID":11,"name":"Louisiana"},{"province_ID":176,"country_ID":11,"name":"Maine"},{"province_ID":177,"country_ID":11,"name":"Maryland"},{"province_ID":178,"country_ID":11,"name":"Massachusetts"},{"province_ID":179,"country_ID":11,"name":"Michigan"},{"province_ID":180,"country_ID":11,"name":"Minnesota"},{"province_ID":181,"country_ID":11,"name":"Mississippi"},{"province_ID":182,"country_ID":11,"name":"Missouri"},{"province_ID":183,"country_ID":11,"name":"Montana"},{"province_ID":184,"country_ID":11,"name":"Nebraska"},{"province_ID":185,"country_ID":11,"name":"Nevada"},{"province_ID":186,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Hampshire"},{"province_ID":187,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Jersey"},{"province_ID":188,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Mexico"},{"province_ID":189,"country_ID":11,"name":"New York"},{"province_ID":190,"country_ID":11,"name":"North Carolina"},{"province_ID":191,"country_ID":11,"name":"North Dakota"},{"province_ID":192,"country_ID":11,"name":"Ohio"},{"province_ID":193,"country_ID":11,"name":"Oklahoma"},{"province_ID":194,"country_ID":11,"name":"Oregon"},{"province_ID":195,"country_ID":11,"name":"Pennsylvania"},{"province_ID":196,"country_ID":11,"name":"Rhode Island"},{"province_ID":197,"country_ID":11,"name":"South Carolina"},{"province_ID":198,"country_ID":11,"name":"South Dakota"},{"province_ID":199,"country_ID":11,"name":"Tennessee"},{"province_ID":200,"country_ID":11,"name":"Texas"},{"province_ID":201,"country_ID":11,"name":"Utah"},{"province_ID":202,"country_ID":11,"name":"Vermont"},{"province_ID":203,"country_ID":11,"name":"Virginia"},{"province_ID":204,"country_ID":11,"name":"Washington"},{"province_ID":205,"country_ID":11,"name":"West Virginia"},{"province_ID":206,"country_ID":11,"name":"Wisconsin"},{"province_ID":207,"country_ID":11,"name":"Wyoming"},{"province_ID":208,"country_ID":12,"name":"Alta Verapaz"},{"province_ID":209,"country_ID":12,"name":"Baja Verapaz"},{"province_ID":210,"country_ID":12,"name":"Chimaltenango"},{"province_ID":211,"country_ID":12,"name":"Chiquimula"},{"province_ID":212,"country_ID":12,"name":"El Progreso"},{"province_ID":213,"country_ID":12,"name":"Escuintla"},{"province_ID":214,"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala"},{"province_ID":215,"country_ID":12,"name":"Huehuetenango"},{"province_ID":216,"country_ID":12,"name":"Izabal"},{"province_ID":217,"country_ID":12,"name":"Jalapa"},{"province_ID":218,"country_ID":12,"name":"Jutiapa"},{"province_ID":219,"country_ID":12,"name":"Peten"},{"province_ID":220,"country_ID":12,"name":"Quetzaltenango"},{"province_ID":221,"country_ID":12,"name":"Quiche"},{"province_ID":222,"country_ID":12,"name":"Retalhuleu"},{"province_ID":223,"country_ID":12,"name":"Sacatepequez"},{"province_ID":224,"country_ID":12,"name":"San Marcos"},{"province_ID":225,"country_ID":12,"name":"Santa Rosa"},{"province_ID":226,"country_ID":12,"name":"Solola"},{"province_ID":227,"country_ID":12,"name":"Suchitepequez"},{"province_ID":228,"country_ID":12,"name":"Totonicapan"},{"province_ID":229,"country_ID":12,"name":"Zacapa"},{"province_ID":230,"country_ID":13,"name":"Barima-Waini"},{"province_ID":231,"country_ID":13,"name":"Cuyuni-Mazaruni"},{"province_ID":232,"country_ID":13,"name":"Demerara-Mahaica"},{"province_ID":233,"country_ID":13,"name":"East Berbice-Corentyne"},{"province_ID":234,"country_ID":13,"name":"Essequibo Islands-West Demerara"},{"province_ID":235,"country_ID":13,"name":"Mahaica-Berbice"},{"province_ID":236,"country_ID":13,"name":"Pomeroon-Supenaam"},{"province_ID":237,"country_ID":13,"name":"Potaro-Siparuni"},{"province_ID":238,"country_ID":13,"name":"Upper Demerara-Berbice"},{"province_ID":239,"country_ID":13,"name":"Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo"},{"province_ID":240,"country_ID":14,"name":"Distrito de Cayenne"},{"province_ID":241,"country_ID":14,"name":"Distrito de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"province_ID":242,"country_ID":15,"name":"Atlantida"},{"province_ID":243,"country_ID":15,"name":"Choluteca"},{"province_ID":244,"country_ID":15,"name":"Colon"},{"province_ID":245,"country_ID":15,"name":"Comayagua"},{"province_ID":246,"country_ID":15,"name":"Copan"},{"province_ID":247,"country_ID":15,"name":"Cortes"},{"province_ID":248,"country_ID":15,"name":"El Paraiso"},{"province_ID":249,"country_ID":15,"name":"Francisco Morazan"},{"province_ID":250,"country_ID":15,"name":"Gracias a Dios"},{"province_ID":251,"country_ID":15,"name":"Intibuca"},{"province_ID":252,"country_ID":15,"name":"Islas de la Bahia"},{"province_ID":253,"country_ID":15,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":254,"country_ID":15,"name":"Lempira"},{"province_ID":255,"country_ID":15,"name":"Ocotepeque"},{"province_ID":256,"country_ID":15,"name":"Olancho"},{"province_ID":257,"country_ID":15,"name":"Santa Barbara"},{"province_ID":258,"country_ID":15,"name":"Valle"},{"province_ID":259,"country_ID":15,"name":"Yoro"},{"province_ID":260,"country_ID":16,"name":"Aguascalientes"},{"province_ID":261,"country_ID":16,"name":"Baja California"},{"province_ID":262,"country_ID":16,"name":"Baja California Sur"},{"province_ID":263,"country_ID":16,"name":"Campeche"},{"province_ID":264,"country_ID":16,"name":"Chiapas"},{"province_ID":265,"country_ID":16,"name":"Chihuahua"},{"province_ID":266,"country_ID":16,"name":"Coahuila de Zaragoza"},{"province_ID":267,"country_ID":16,"name":"Colima"},{"province_ID":268,"country_ID":16,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":269,"country_ID":16,"name":"Durango"},{"province_ID":270,"country_ID":16,"name":"Guanajuato"},{"province_ID":271,"country_ID":16,"name":"Guerrero"},{"province_ID":272,"country_ID":16,"name":"Hidalgo"},{"province_ID":273,"country_ID":16,"name":"Jalisco"},{"province_ID":274,"country_ID":16,"name":"Mexico"},{"province_ID":275,"country_ID":16,"name":"Michoacan de Ocampo"},{"province_ID":276,"country_ID":16,"name":"Morelos"},{"province_ID":277,"country_ID":16,"name":"Nayarit"},{"province_ID":278,"country_ID":16,"name":"Nuevo Leon"},{"province_ID":279,"country_ID":16,"name":"Oaxaca"},{"province_ID":280,"country_ID":16,"name":"Puebla"},{"province_ID":281,"country_ID":16,"name":"Queretaro de Arteaga"},{"province_ID":282,"country_ID":16,"name":"Quintana Roo"},{"province_ID":283,"country_ID":16,"name":"San Luis Potosi"},{"province_ID":284,"country_ID":16,"name":"Sinaloa"},{"province_ID":285,"country_ID":16,"name":"Sonora"},{"province_ID":286,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tabasco"},{"province_ID":287,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tamaulipas"},{"province_ID":288,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tlaxcala"},{"province_ID":289,"country_ID":16,"name":"Veracruz-Llave"},{"province_ID":290,"country_ID":16,"name":"Yucatan"},{"province_ID":291,"country_ID":16,"name":"Zacatecas"},{"province_ID":292,"country_ID":17,"name":"Atlantico Norte"},{"province_ID":293,"country_ID":17,"name":"Atlantico Sur"},{"province_ID":294,"country_ID":17,"name":"Boaco"},{"province_ID":295,"country_ID":17,"name":"Carazo"},{"province_ID":296,"country_ID":17,"name":"Chinandega"},{"province_ID":297,"country_ID":17,"name":"Chontales"},{"province_ID":298,"country_ID":17,"name":"Esteli"},{"province_ID":299,"country_ID":17,"name":"Granada"},{"province_ID":300,"country_ID":17,"name":"Jinotega"},{"province_ID":301,"country_ID":17,"name":"Leon"},{"province_ID":302,"country_ID":17,"name":"Madriz"},{"province_ID":303,"country_ID":17,"name":"Managua"},{"province_ID":304,"country_ID":17,"name":"Masaya"},{"province_ID":305,"country_ID":17,"name":"Matagalpa"},{"province_ID":306,"country_ID":17,"name":"Nueva Segovia"},{"province_ID":307,"country_ID":17,"name":"Rio San Juan"},{"province_ID":308,"country_ID":17,"name":"Rivas"},{"province_ID":309,"country_ID":18,"name":"Bocas del Toro"},{"province_ID":310,"country_ID":18,"name":"Chiriqui"},{"province_ID":311,"country_ID":18,"name":"Cocle"},{"province_ID":312,"country_ID":18,"name":"Colon"},{"province_ID":313,"country_ID":18,"name":"Darien"},{"province_ID":314,"country_ID":18,"name":"Herrera"},{"province_ID":315,"country_ID":18,"name":"Los Santos"},{"province_ID":316,"country_ID":18,"name":"Panama"},{"province_ID":317,"country_ID":18,"name":"San Blas"},{"province_ID":318,"country_ID":18,"name":"Veraguas"},{"province_ID":319,"country_ID":19,"name":"Alto Paraguay"},{"province_ID":320,"country_ID":19,"name":"Alto Parana"},{"province_ID":321,"country_ID":19,"name":"Amambay"},{"province_ID":322,"country_ID":19,"name":"Asuncion"},{"province_ID":323,"country_ID":19,"name":"Boqueron"},{"province_ID":324,"country_ID":19,"name":"Caaguazu"},{"province_ID":325,"country_ID":19,"name":"Caazapa"},{"province_ID":326,"country_ID":19,"name":"Canindeyu"},{"province_ID":327,"country_ID":19,"name":"Central"},{"province_ID":328,"country_ID":19,"name":"Concepcion"},{"province_ID":329,"country_ID":19,"name":"Cordillera"},{"province_ID":330,"country_ID":19,"name":"Guaira"},{"province_ID":331,"country_ID":19,"name":"Itapua"},{"province_ID":332,"country_ID":19,"name":"Misiones"},{"province_ID":333,"country_ID":19,"name":"Neembucu"},{"province_ID":334,"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguari"},{"province_ID":335,"country_ID":19,"name":"Presidente Hayes"},{"province_ID":336,"country_ID":19,"name":"San Pedro"},{"province_ID":337,"country_ID":20,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":338,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ancash"},{"province_ID":339,"country_ID":20,"name":"Apurimac"},{"province_ID":340,"country_ID":20,"name":"Arequipa"},{"province_ID":341,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ayacucho"},{"province_ID":342,"country_ID":20,"name":"Cajamarca"},{"province_ID":343,"country_ID":20,"name":"Callao"},{"province_ID":344,"country_ID":20,"name":"Cusco"},{"province_ID":345,"country_ID":20,"name":"Huancavelica"},{"province_ID":346,"country_ID":20,"name":"Huanuco"},{"province_ID":347,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ica"},{"province_ID":348,"country_ID":20,"name":"Junin"},{"province_ID":349,"country_ID":20,"name":"La Libertad"},{"province_ID":350,"country_ID":20,"name":"Lambayeque"},{"province_ID":351,"country_ID":20,"name":"Lima"},{"province_ID":352,"country_ID":20,"name":"Loreto"},{"province_ID":353,"country_ID":20,"name":"Madre de Dios"},{"province_ID":354,"country_ID":20,"name":"Moquegua"},{"province_ID":355,"country_ID":20,"name":"Pasco"},{"province_ID":356,"country_ID":20,"name":"Piura"},{"province_ID":357,"country_ID":20,"name":"Puno"},{"province_ID":358,"country_ID":20,"name":"San Martin"},{"province_ID":359,"country_ID":20,"name":"Tacna"},{"province_ID":360,"country_ID":20,"name":"Tumbes"},{"province_ID":361,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ucayali"},{"province_ID":362,"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico"},{"province_ID":363,"country_ID":22,"name":"Azua"},{"province_ID":364,"country_ID":22,"name":"Baoruco"},{"province_ID":365,"country_ID":22,"name":"Barahona"},{"province_ID":366,"country_ID":22,"name":"Dajabon"},{"province_ID":367,"country_ID":22,"name":"Distrito Nacional"},{"province_ID":368,"country_ID":22,"name":"Duarte"},{"province_ID":369,"country_ID":22,"name":"Elias Pina"},{"province_ID":370,"country_ID":22,"name":"El Seibo"},{"province_ID":371,"country_ID":22,"name":"Espaillat"},{"province_ID":372,"country_ID":22,"name":"Hato Mayor"},{"province_ID":373,"country_ID":22,"name":"Independencia"},{"province_ID":374,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Altagracia"},{"province_ID":375,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Romana"},{"province_ID":376,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Vega"},{"province_ID":377,"country_ID":22,"name":"Maria Trinidad Sanchez"},{"province_ID":378,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monsenor Nouel"},{"province_ID":379,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monte Cristi"},{"province_ID":380,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monte Plata"},{"province_ID":381,"country_ID":22,"name":"Pedernales"},{"province_ID":382,"country_ID":22,"name":"Peravia"},{"province_ID":383,"country_ID":22,"name":"Puerto Plata"},{"province_ID":384,"country_ID":22,"name":"Salcedo"},{"province_ID":385,"country_ID":22,"name":"Samana"},{"province_ID":386,"country_ID":22,"name":"Sanchez Ramirez"},{"province_ID":387,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Cristobal"},{"province_ID":388,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Jose de Ocoa"},{"province_ID":389,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Juan"},{"province_ID":390,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Pedro de Macoris"},{"province_ID":391,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santiago"},{"province_ID":392,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santiago Rodriguez"},{"province_ID":393,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santo Domingo"},{"province_ID":394,"country_ID":22,"name":"Valverde"},{"province_ID":395,"country_ID":23,"name":"Brokopondo"},{"province_ID":396,"country_ID":23,"name":"Commewijne"},{"province_ID":397,"country_ID":23,"name":"Coronie"},{"province_ID":398,"country_ID":23,"name":"Marowijne"},{"province_ID":399,"country_ID":23,"name":"Nickerie"},{"province_ID":400,"country_ID":23,"name":"Para"},{"province_ID":401,"country_ID":23,"name":"Paramaribo"},{"province_ID":402,"country_ID":23,"name":"Saramacca"},{"province_ID":403,"country_ID":23,"name":"Sipaliwini"},{"province_ID":404,"country_ID":23,"name":"Wanica"},{"province_ID":405,"country_ID":24,"name":"Artigas"},{"province_ID":406,"country_ID":24,"name":"Canelones"},{"province_ID":407,"country_ID":24,"name":"Cerro Largo"},{"province_ID":408,"country_ID":24,"name":"Colonia"},{"province_ID":409,"country_ID":24,"name":"Durazno"},{"province_ID":410,"country_ID":24,"name":"Flores"},{"province_ID":411,"country_ID":24,"name":"Florida"},{"province_ID":412,"country_ID":24,"name":"Lavalleja"},{"province_ID":413,"country_ID":24,"name":"Maldonado"},{"province_ID":414,"country_ID":24,"name":"Montevideo"},{"province_ID":415,"country_ID":24,"name":"Paysandu"},{"province_ID":416,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rio Negro"},{"province_ID":417,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rivera"},{"province_ID":418,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rocha"},{"province_ID":419,"country_ID":24,"name":"Salto"},{"province_ID":420,"country_ID":24,"name":"San Jose"},{"province_ID":421,"country_ID":24,"name":"Soriano"},{"province_ID":422,"country_ID":24,"name":"Tacuarembo"},{"province_ID":423,"country_ID":24,"name":"Treinta y Tres"},{"province_ID":424,"country_ID":25,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":425,"country_ID":25,"name":"Anzoategui"},{"province_ID":426,"country_ID":25,"name":"Apure"},{"province_ID":427,"country_ID":25,"name":"Aragua"},{"province_ID":428,"country_ID":25,"name":"Barinas"},{"province_ID":429,"country_ID":25,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":430,"country_ID":25,"name":"Carabobo"},{"province_ID":431,"country_ID":25,"name":"Cojedes"},{"province_ID":432,"country_ID":25,"name":"Delta Amacuro"},{"province_ID":433,"country_ID":25,"name":"Dependencias Federales"},{"province_ID":434,"country_ID":25,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":435,"country_ID":25,"name":"Falcon"},{"province_ID":436,"country_ID":25,"name":"Guarico"},{"province_ID":437,"country_ID":25,"name":"Lara"},{"province_ID":438,"country_ID":25,"name":"Merida"},{"province_ID":439,"country_ID":25,"name":"Miranda"},{"province_ID":440,"country_ID":25,"name":"Monagas"},{"province_ID":441,"country_ID":25,"name":"Nueva Esparta"},{"province_ID":442,"country_ID":25,"name":"Portuguesa"},{"province_ID":443,"country_ID":25,"name":"Sucre"},{"province_ID":444,"country_ID":25,"name":"Tachira"},{"province_ID":445,"country_ID":25,"name":"Trujillo"},{"province_ID":446,"country_ID":25,"name":"Vargas"},{"province_ID":447,"country_ID":25,"name":"Yaracuy"},{"province_ID":448,"country_ID":25,"name":"Zulia"},{"province_ID":449,"country_ID":26,"name":"Acre"},{"province_ID":450,"country_ID":26,"name":"Alagoas"},{"province_ID":451,"country_ID":26,"name":"Amapá"},{"province_ID":452,"country_ID":26,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":453,"country_ID":26,"name":"Bahia"},{"province_ID":454,"country_ID":26,"name":"Ceará"},{"province_ID":455,"country_ID":26,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":456,"country_ID":26,"name":"Espírito Santo"},{"province_ID":457,"country_ID":26,"name":"Goiás"},{"province_ID":458,"country_ID":26,"name":"Maranhão"},{"province_ID":459,"country_ID":26,"name":"Mato Grosso"},{"province_ID":460,"country_ID":26,"name":"Mato Grosso do Sul"},{"province_ID":461,"country_ID":26,"name":"Minas Gerais"},{"province_ID":462,"country_ID":26,"name":"Pará"},{"province_ID":463,"country_ID":26,"name":"Paraíba"},{"province_ID":464,"country_ID":26,"name":"Paraná"},{"province_ID":465,"country_ID":26,"name":"Pernambuco"},{"province_ID":466,"country_ID":26,"name":"Piauí"},{"province_ID":467,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"province_ID":468,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio Grande do Norte"},{"province_ID":469,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio Grande do Sul"},{"province_ID":470,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rondônia"},{"province_ID":471,"country_ID":26,"name":"Roraima"},{"province_ID":472,"country_ID":26,"name":"Santa Catarina"},{"province_ID":473,"country_ID":26,"name":"São Paulo"},{"province_ID":474,"country_ID":26,"name":"Sergipe"},{"province_ID":475,"country_ID":26,"name":"Tocantins"},{"province_ID":476,"country_ID":27,"name":"Álava"},{"province_ID":477,"country_ID":27,"name":"Albacete"},{"province_ID":478,"country_ID":27,"name":"Alicante"},{"province_ID":479,"country_ID":27,"name":"Almería"},{"province_ID":480,"country_ID":27,"name":"Principado de Asturias"},{"province_ID":481,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ávila"},{"province_ID":482,"country_ID":27,"name":"Badajoz"},{"province_ID":483,"country_ID":27,"name":"Barcelona"},{"province_ID":484,"country_ID":27,"name":"Burgos"},{"province_ID":485,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cáceres"},{"province_ID":486,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cádiz"},{"province_ID":487,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cantabria"},{"province_ID":488,"country_ID":27,"name":"Castellón"},{"province_ID":489,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ciudad Real"},{"province_ID":490,"country_ID":27,"name":"Córdoba"},{"province_ID":491,"country_ID":27,"name":"La Coruña"},{"province_ID":492,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cuenca"},{"province_ID":493,"country_ID":27,"name":"Gerona"},{"province_ID":494,"country_ID":27,"name":"Granada"},{"province_ID":495,"country_ID":27,"name":"Guadalajara"},{"province_ID":496,"country_ID":27,"name":"Guipúzcoa"},{"province_ID":497,"country_ID":27,"name":"Huelva"},{"province_ID":498,"country_ID":27,"name":"Huesca"},{"province_ID":499,"country_ID":27,"name":"Islas Baleares"},{"province_ID":500,"country_ID":27,"name":"Jaén"},{"province_ID":501,"country_ID":27,"name":"León"},{"province_ID":502,"country_ID":27,"name":"Lérida"},{"province_ID":503,"country_ID":27,"name":"Lugo"},{"province_ID":504,"country_ID":27,"name":"Madrid"},{"province_ID":505,"country_ID":27,"name":"Málaga"},{"province_ID":506,"country_ID":27,"name":"Región de Murcia"},{"province_ID":507,"country_ID":27,"name":"Comunidad Foral de Navarra"},{"province_ID":508,"country_ID":27,"name":"Orense"},{"province_ID":509,"country_ID":27,"name":"Palencia"},{"province_ID":510,"country_ID":27,"name":"Las Palmas"},{"province_ID":511,"country_ID":27,"name":"Pontevedra"},{"province_ID":512,"country_ID":27,"name":"La Rioja"},{"province_ID":513,"country_ID":27,"name":"Salamanca"},{"province_ID":514,"country_ID":27,"name":"Segovia"},{"province_ID":515,"country_ID":27,"name":"Sevilla"},{"province_ID":516,"country_ID":27,"name":"Soria"},{"province_ID":517,"country_ID":27,"name":"Tarragona"},{"province_ID":518,"country_ID":27,"name":"Santa Cruz de Tenerife"},{"province_ID":519,"country_ID":27,"name":"Teruel"},{"province_ID":520,"country_ID":27,"name":"Toledo"},{"province_ID":521,"country_ID":27,"name":"Valencia"},{"province_ID":522,"country_ID":27,"name":"Valladolid"},{"province_ID":523,"country_ID":27,"name":"Vizcaya"},{"province_ID":524,"country_ID":27,"name":"Zamora"},{"province_ID":525,"country_ID":27,"name":"Zaragoza"},{"province_ID":526,"country_ID":27,"name":"Melilla"},{"province_ID":527,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ceuta"},{"province_ID":528,"country_ID":28,"name":"Australia"},{"province_ID":529,"country_ID":29,"name":"Bahamas"},{"province_ID":530,"country_ID":30,"name":"Camerún"},{"province_ID":531,"country_ID":31,"name":"Italia"}],"occupations":["Agricultor,Productor Primario","Asesor Técnico","Vendedor de Fertilizantes","Vendedor de Agroquímicos","Vendedor de Semillas","Vendedor de Insumos Orgánicos","Vendedor de Agroinsumos en General","Profesor o Investigador","Estudiante","Sector Gobierno o Financiero","Otro","Productor Ganadero"],"siteKey":"6LcoBxwTAAAAAIHGYfRC7q_PWI1Ixdpc63kgLXLw"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":220,"function":"articleSignup","args":[{"article_ID":221,"views":161590,"title":"Importancia de la Radiación Solar en la Producción Bajo Invernadero","fb_title":"","link":"importancia-de-la-radiacion-solar-en-la-produccion-bajo-invernadero","desc":"La radiación solar se puede considerar el factor ambiental más importante en los cultivos bajo invernadero, pues influye en procesos relacionados con la fotosíntesis, los balances de agua y energía, y el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo. Por tal motivo, el manejo de la radiación solar en la producción bajo invernadero es sin duda una de las actividades más importantes en la Horticultura Protegida.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/Radiacion-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":4,"related":",14,","keywords":"importancia,radiacion,solar,produccion,bajo,invernadero","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Horticultura Protegida\/17. Importancia del Manejo de la Radiacion Solar en la Produccion Bajo Invernadero.pdf","text":"<table align=\"center\" border=\"0\" style=\"width:900px\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td>\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:right\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La radiaci&oacute;n solar se puede considerar el factor ambiental m&aacute;s importante en los cultivos bajo invernadero, pues influye en procesos relacionados con la fotos&iacute;ntesis, los balances de agua y energ&iacute;a, y el crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo. Por tal motivo, el manejo de la radiaci&oacute;n solar en la producci&oacute;n bajo invernadero es sin duda una de las actividades m&aacute;s importantes en la Horticultura Protegida, dicha importancia se sustenta en la relaci&oacute;n directa que existe entre la producci&oacute;n de materia seca y rendimiento con la cantidad de radiaci&oacute;n interceptada por el cultivo. La radiaci&oacute;n solar es la fuente de energ&iacute;a utilizada por las plantas en el proceso de fotos&iacute;ntesis, y la eficiencia de su aprovechamiento por las plantas va a depender de la longitud de onda que esta presenta.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"Clasificacion\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/clasificacion.jpg\" style=\"height:97px; width:709px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La Radiaci&oacute;n Fotosint&eacute;ticamente Activa (RFA) es el tipo de radiaci&oacute;n que favorece el proceso de fotos&iacute;ntesis en las plantas; radiaciones mayores a 700 nm no favorecen la fotos&iacute;ntesis, pero si generan la acumulaci&oacute;n de calor en el invernadero. La RFA representa entre el 45 &ndash; 50 % de la radiaci&oacute;n solar total recibida, y es la de mayor calidad para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los cultivos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En los sistemas de producci&oacute;n bajo invernadero, para un adecuado manejo de la radiaci&oacute;n solar es necesario analizar los factores que pueden modificar la calidad y cantidad de la radiaci&oacute;n que llega a las plantas, as&iacute; como los requerimientos de luz de cada cultivo o variedad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>An&aacute;lisis de la radiaci&oacute;n solar en Holanda, Espa&ntilde;a y M&eacute;xico <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El manejo de la radiaci&oacute;n solar es muy diverso y depende principalmente de la cantidad y calidad de radiaci&oacute;n solar que se presenta en la zona de producci&oacute;n. En el Cuadro 2, se muestra la media diaria de la radiaci&oacute;n solar acumulada en diferentes pa&iacute;ses, as&iacute; como una clasificaci&oacute;n de la radiaci&oacute;n en base a las necesidades de los cultivos en invernadero.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">M&eacute;xico presenta mejores condiciones en cuanto a radiaci&oacute;n solar para un desarrollo &oacute;ptimo de las plantas, por lo que no es necesario ejecutar pr&aacute;cticas que ayuden a incrementar la cantidad de luz. Para el caso de Almer&iacute;a, Espa&ntilde;a, la radiaci&oacute;n solar acumulada es muy variable, haciendo que el manejo de la radiaci&oacute;n sea especifico de acuerdo a la &eacute;poca del a&ntilde;o. Por su parte, Holanda presenta una radiaci&oacute;n muy baja, siendo una limitante para el desarrollo de los cultivos en gran parte del a&ntilde;o, por ello, de forma general, es necesario generar estrategias que permitan incrementar la calidad y cantidad de luz dentro del invernadero para que este no sea un factor limitante en la producci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"Radiacion\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/radiacion.jpg\" style=\"height:397px; width:702px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Requerimientos de radiaci&oacute;n por los cultivos <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La radiaci&oacute;n es la fuente m&aacute;s importante de energ&iacute;a y tiene relaci&oacute;n pr&aacute;cticamente con todos los procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos de la planta. La radiaci&oacute;n solar puede medirse en forma instant&aacute;nea en: Radiaci&oacute;n global (W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>), RFA (&micro;mol\/m<sup>2<\/sup>s), RFA (W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>), y Luz visible (Lux). Cuando se integra este valor a trav&eacute;s del tiempo, se expresa la cantidad de energ&iacute;a acumulada en determinado periodo. Normalmente se hace en minutos, horas o en un d&iacute;a completo. De esta manera, una radicaci&oacute;n global de 1 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup> durante un segundo es igual a 1 J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s; entonces en 1 hora tendr&iacute;amos 3,600 J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\/h. Suponiendo que en una hora se tuviera una radiaci&oacute;n global media&nbsp; de 400 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>, esto equivale a 400 J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s, y a 1, 440,000 J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\/h. Un mill&oacute;n de Joules equivalen a 1 MJ, entonces esa cifra equivale a 1.44 MJ m<sup>2<\/sup>\/h. Si esa fuera la radiaci&oacute;n media durante 12 horas del d&iacute;a, entonces la radiaci&oacute;n acumulada en todo el d&iacute;a ser&iacute;a de 17.3 MJ m<sup>2<\/sup>\/d&iacute;a. Ya anteriormente se hab&iacute;a mencionado que la radiaci&oacute;n fotosint&eacute;ticamente activa equivale al 45 &ndash; 50 % de la radiaci&oacute;n global, que para fines pr&aacute;cticos se usa m&aacute;s com&uacute;nmente la mitad. En el cuadro 3 y 4, se muestran las equivalencias entre las unidades de medici&oacute;n y las necesidades de radiaci&oacute;n en 3 cultivos bajo invernadero, respectivamente. Como puede percatarse, cada cultivo o variedad difiere en sus necesidades de radiaci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"Equivalencias\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/equivalencias.jpg\" style=\"height:324px; width:650px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Consideraciones para el dise&ntilde;o de invernaderos respecto a la radiaci&oacute;n solar<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En la actualidad existen varios tipos de cubiertas de pl&aacute;stico, mallas sombra y pantallas, mediante las cuales es posible modificar la calidad y cantidad de energ&iacute;a luminosa en los invernaderos, sin embargo, existen consideraciones para lograr el mejor aprovechamiento de la radiaci&oacute;n solar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Los materiales usados como cubierta en los invernaderos, salvo excepciones, deben ser transparentes a las radiaciones luminosas para permitir el paso de la luz visible.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Todos los materiales empleados para cubiertas de invernaderos reflejan una fracci&oacute;n de la luz que reciben del sol, que va del 20 &ndash; 30 %, generalmente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Al dise&ntilde;ar un invernadero, debe evitarse la formaci&oacute;n de zonas sombreadas de las mismas estructuras, al proyectar e incidir en el interior, siendo estas lo m&aacute;s delgadas posibles para evitar interrumpir el paso de la luz.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En la actualidad existen materiales para cubiertas que difunden la luz que pasa a trav&eacute;s de ellos convirti&eacute;ndola en luz difusa, la cual tiene la particularidad de no emitir sombras y llegar a todas partes y en todas direcciones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La cantidad de luz que penetra a los invernaderos depende de la orientaci&oacute;n de los mismos y de la forma o dise&ntilde;o de la estructura, pero sobre todo del &aacute;ngulo de la cubierta con respecto al sol.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Es recomendable que los materiales de cubierta de los invernaderos transmitan del 85 &ndash; 90 % de la luz solar incidente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Des&oacute;rdenes fisiol&oacute;gicos en tomate influenciados por la radiaci&oacute;n solar<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Los des&oacute;rdenes fisiol&oacute;gicos, tambi&eacute;n llamadas enfermedades abi&oacute;ticas son una serie de anomal&iacute;as en diferentes estructuras de la planta, generalmente debidas a condiciones clim&aacute;ticas adversas entre las que se encuentra una baja o alta radiaci&oacute;n solar interaccionando con otros factores. A continuaci&oacute;n se presentan algunos des&oacute;rdenes fisiol&oacute;gicos del tomate asociados a la radicaci&oacute;n solar:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Grietas en frutos. <\/strong>Son provocadas por alta radiaci&oacute;n solar y alta temperatura, riego irregular, fluctuaciones de la humedad del suelo y una alta humedad del aire, increment&aacute;ndose si se realiz&oacute; una poda fuerte de hojas y bajos niveles de K, Ca y Mg.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Maduraci&oacute;n manchada (payaseado). <\/strong>Es favorecido por bajas temperaturas en el invernadero, baja radiaci&oacute;n solar, alta nubosidad y alta humedad relativa.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Hoja enrollada. <\/strong>Se presenta cuando la planta es sometida a condiciones extremas de altas o bajas temperaturas y radiaci&oacute;n directa del sol sobre la planta.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Frutos huecos. <\/strong>Son ocasionados por el excesivo uso de N, la baja radiaci&oacute;n solar y el empleo de variedades sensibles a este desorden.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Golpe de sol. <\/strong>Se produce por una exposici&oacute;n directa del fruto a los rayos del sol, lo cual genera un &aacute;rea blanca brillante y correosa, generalmente se presenta cuando se realizan podas fuertes de hojas.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Desordenes fisiologicos en el cultivos de tomate \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/8Horticultura-Protegida\/art231-importancia-radiacion\/desordenes.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 1. Desórdenes fisiológicos en el cultivo de tomate.                                                                             <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Fuente: Jaramillo et al., 2006.                      <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Bastida, T. A.; Ram&iacute;rez, A. J. A.,&nbsp; 2002. Invernaderos en M&eacute;xico. Dise&ntilde;o, construcci&oacute;n y manejo. Departamento de Preparatoria Agr&iacute;cola. Universidad Aut&oacute;noma Chapingo. Chapingo, M&eacute;xico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Castellanos, R. J. Z., 2009. Manual de Producci&oacute;n de Tomate en Invernadero. Ed. Intagri. Celaya, Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico. 458 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">D&iacute;az, V. S. G., 2012.Efecto de la Radiaci&oacute;n en el Desarrollo Fenol&oacute;gico, Rendimiento y Calidad en Policultivo: Chile, Jitomate, Ma&iacute;z, Frijol y Amaranto en condiciones de Invernadero. Universidad de Quer&eacute;taro. Tesis MC. Quer&eacute;taro, M&eacute;xico. 52 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Hern&aacute;ndez, J.; Escobar, I.; Castilla, N., 2001. La Radiaci&oacute;n Solar en Invernaderos Mediterr&aacute;neos. Revista Horticultura 157. Espa&ntilde;a. 18-26 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Jaramillo, N. J.; Rodr&iacute;guez, V. P.; Guzm&aacute;n, A. M.; Zapata, M. A., 2006. El Cultivo de Tomate Bajo Invernadero. Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n La Selva (CORPOICA). Antioquia, Colombia. Bolet&iacute;n T&eacute;cnico 21. 48 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Polania, A.; P&eacute;rez. G.; Camacho, S., 1982. Respuesta Fotosint&eacute;tica de algunas Variedades de Ma&iacute;z, Frijol y Caf&eacute;. Revista Colombiana de Qu&iacute;mica, Vol. 11. 82 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Resh, H. M., 2006. Pimientos Hidrop&oacute;nicos. Curso Pr&aacute;ctico Internacional de Hidropon&iacute;a.&nbsp; Lima, Per&uacute;. 79 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/cursos\/presenciales\/curso-avanzado-de-produccion-de-hortalizas-en-invernadero-y-malla-sombra-culiacan\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Hortalizas\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/Cursos_presenciales\/2017\/8.%20Curso-avanzado-de-produccion-de-hortalizas\/BANNER%20culiacan-01.jpg\" style=\"height:437px; width:874px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-04-06 10:36:52","updated":"2018-05-30 19:05:15","published":"2016-04-06 10:56:11","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/horticultura-protegida"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"horticultura-protegida","article":"importancia-de-la-radiacion-solar-en-la-produccion-bajo-invernadero","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"horticultura-protegida","article":"importancia-de-la-radiacion-solar-en-la-produccion-bajo-invernadero","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}