{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":647,"views":47495,"title":"Vacunación de las Aves","fb_title":"","link":"vacunacion-de-las-aves","desc":"Los principios básicos para el control y prevención de las enfermedades infecciosas se basan en medidas de higiene y bioseguridad. Sin embargo, estas medidas no son suficientes para la protección en la avicultura moderna contra patologías. Es de suma importancia llevar a cabo un programa de vacunación basado en las características de la explotación y una correcta aplicación de las vacunas ya que de éste dependerá el éxito de la producción por ciclo.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/avesengorda.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":18,"related":"","keywords":"Manejo preventivo, Aplicación de vacunas, Avicultura","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Ganaderia\/45. Vacunacion en las aves.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#FFD700\"><strong><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La prevenci&oacute;n de las enfermedades infecciosas es de suma importancia en la avicultura moderna industrial ya que se busca lograr un mayor rendimiento en un tiempo menor.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los principios b&aacute;sicos para la prevenci&oacute;n y el control est&aacute;n basados en medidas de higiene y bioseguridad, pero muchas veces estas medidas no son suficientes contra las enfermedades infecciosas, esto se debe a la alta concentraci&oacute;n de aves en un mismo lugar, seguido de buscar el mantenimiento de la temperatura y humedad en las naves, por lo que se deben recurrir a otras medidas de profilaxis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Por otra parte, en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os han aparecido o han sido descubiertas nuevas enfermedades, adem&aacute;s de que existen cambios en la signolog&iacute;a de las enfermedades ya conocidas. Por lo tanto, debe existir una estrecha relaci&oacute;n entre la implementaci&oacute;n de un buen manejo de la explotaci&oacute;n, el cual incluya medidas profil&aacute;cticas y de control.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las vacunas aviares tienen como objetivo estimular una inmunidad activa en las parvadas y proteger a las aves de la exposici&oacute;n de las cepas pat&oacute;genas presentes en las explotaciones av&iacute;colas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\"Instalaciones de pollo de engorda en explotaciones avícolas actuales (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/pollos-de-engorda.jpg\" style=\"height:296px; width:561px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 1. Instalaciones de pollo de engorda en explotaciones av&iacute;colas actuales (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La meta principal de la vacunaci&oacute;n es reducir el nivel de enfermedad y promover un desempe&ntilde;o &oacute;ptimo de las aves. Algunas vacunas tienen un efecto positivo en la salud p&uacute;blica, ya que ayudan a prevenir enfermedades que son transmitidas de aves a humanos, por ejemplo, Salmonelosis, Colibacilosis, Tuberculosis aviar, etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Tipos de vacunas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&nbsp;Existen diversos tipos de vacunas que son utilizadas en la avicultura, de acuerdo a su acci&oacute;n, composici&oacute;n y m&eacute;todo de administraci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); height:38px; width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><strong>&nbsp;C<span style=\"color:#000000\">uadro 1. Tipos de vacunas utilizadas en la avicultura (CONAVE, 2011).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); height:38px; width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Vacunas Virus vivo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); height:38px; width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Vacunas virus atenuado<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); height:38px; width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Vacunas recombinantes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Son compuestos preparados con organismos vivos modificados de tal forma que no producen desarrollo de la enfermedad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Son preparadas con organismos vivos que se encuentran inactivados absolutamente, pero conservando su acci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Estas vacunas contienen varios agentes mezclados en un solo frasco y pueden ser vivas o atenuadas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La elecci&oacute;n del tipo de vacuna depende de varios factores, siendo los m&aacute;s importantes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El tipo de ave: por ejemplo, los pollos de engorda se vacunan preferencialmente con vacunas vivas por su ciclo corto de vida.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La edad de las aves: por ejemplo, aves muy j&oacute;venes no se deben vacunar por medio del agua de bebida.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La enfermedad: existen vacunas ya definidas para cada enfermedad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El tipo de vacuna: por ejemplo, las vacunas contra la Enfermedad de Marek solo pueden ser administradas por inyecci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las condiciones locales: tales como los costos laborales y presencia de enfermedades en la regi&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Los bovinos presentan placenta cotiledonaria (Lezcano, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacuna-en-ojo.jpg\" style=\"height:306px; width:429px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 2. Administraci&oacute;n de vacuna en ojo (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFD700\"><strong>Manejo de vacunas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El manejo adecuado de las vacunas es considerado como la base del &eacute;xito de un buen plan de vacunaci&oacute;n, esto incluye la refrigeraci&oacute;n de 4&deg;C - 6&deg;C para que pueda cumplir su funci&oacute;n, evitar la exposici&oacute;n al sol, al igual que las vacunas deben ser adquiridas en laboratorios certificados y no se deben administrar vacunas para enfermedades que est&aacute;n erradicadas o no se encuentran presentes en la regi&oacute;n ya que no representan riesgo para la explotaci&oacute;n av&iacute;cola. Tambi&eacute;n es importante llevar un registro que incluya fecha, hora y condiciones ambientales de las aves vacunadas, con la finalidad de encontrar posibles fallas en la vacunaci&oacute;n e identificar reacciones post-vacunales.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFD700\"><strong>M&eacute;todos de aplicaci&oacute;n <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los m&eacute;todos de administraci&oacute;n de vacunas pueden dividirse en individuales y masivos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">M&eacute;todos individuales:\r\n\t<ul>\r\n\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">&Oacute;culo-nasal. M&eacute;todo muy seguro, que consiste en aplicar o depositar una gota de vacuna en el ojo o fosa nasal del ave, se debe tener cuidado para evitar irritaci&oacute;n.<\/li>\r\n\t<\/ul>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Punci&oacute;n alar. Este m&eacute;todo es sencillo y se lo efect&uacute;a mediante aplicaci&oacute;n en el pliegue del ala.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Subcut&aacute;neo. M&eacute;todo mediante el cual se inyecta la vacuna en la parte media posterior del cuello, ayud&aacute;ndose con los dedos &iacute;ndice y pulgar. Est&aacute; indicado para algunas vacunas inactivadas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\"><img alt=\"Administración de vacuna en ojo (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacuna-en-ala.jpg\" style=\"height:271px; width:363px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 3. Aplicaci&oacute;n de vacuna en ala del ave (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Método de aplicación subcutáneo (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/metodos-de-aplicacion.jpg\" style=\"height:300px; width:441px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 4. M&eacute;todo de aplicaci&oacute;n subcut&aacute;neo (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Intramuscular. La vacunaci&oacute;n por esta v&iacute;a puede ser en la pechuga o en la pierna del ave. Hay otros m&uacute;sculos como ala y cola, pero no son los sitios m&aacute;s recomendados.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>M&eacute;todos masivos\r\n\t<ul>\r\n\t\t<li>Agua de bebida. Considerado el m&aacute;s sencillo pero no asegura la misma cantidad para cada una de las aves que se inmunizan.<\/li>\r\n\t<\/ul>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\"><img alt=\"Aplicación de vacuna intramuscular en pechuga de ave (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacuna-intramuscular.jpg\" style=\"height:310px; width:324px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 5. Aplicaci&oacute;n de vacuna intramuscular en pechuga de ave (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"Aplicación de vacuna intramuscular en pechuga de ave (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacunacion-pollitos.jpg\" style=\"height:278px; width:456px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 6. Vacunaci&oacute;n de pollitos en agua de bebida (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&nbsp;Por aspersi&oacute;n. La vacunaci&oacute;n por aspersi&oacute;n puede ser por gota gruesa, como primera vacunaci&oacute;n en pollitos o por aspersi&oacute;n fina en aves mayores.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Un m&eacute;todo moderno y que requiere tecnolog&iacute;a de punta es la vacunaci&oacute;n &ldquo;<em>in-ovo<\/em>&rdquo;, es empleada en las plantas de incubaci&oacute;n aproximadamente tres d&iacute;as antes del nacimiento de las aves. La vacuna se deposita en el l&iacute;quido amni&oacute;tico. Esta t&eacute;cnica se utiliza principalmente para la vacunaci&oacute;n contra la Enfermedad de Marek.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\": Vacunación de pollitos en agua de bebida (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacuna-aspiracion.jpg\" style=\"height:312px; width:505px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 7. Aplicaci&oacute;n de vacuna por medio de aspersi&oacute;n a pollitos en sus primeras semanas de vida (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Aplicación de vacuna por medio de aspersión a pollitos en sus primeras semanas de vida (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacunas-en-el-huevo.jpg\" style=\"height:280px; width:373px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 8. Administraci&oacute;n de vacunas en el huevo (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La vacunaci&oacute;n no debe ser considerada como la soluci&oacute;n a los problemas sanitarios en el control de enfermedades, se debe complementar con otras medidas. Las buenas pr&aacute;cticas y bioseguridad garantizan el &eacute;xito en cualquier plan preventivo contra las enfermedades infecciosas, pero se hace necesario reforzar estas medidas con planes vacunales que logren detener a los agentes infecciosos en su prop&oacute;sito de causar enfermedad en las aves.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Capac&iacute;tate y aprende el<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/memorias\/ganaderia\/manejo-preventivo-de-enfermedades-en-producciones-avicolas\"><strong>Manejo Preventivo de Enfermedades en Producciones Av&iacute;colas<\/strong><\/a> <span style=\"color:#000000\">en nuestro curso virtual.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2020. Vacunaci&oacute;n en las aves. Serie Ganader&iacute;a, N&uacute;m. 45. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 6 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Buenas Pr&aacute;cticas Ganaderas; Mois&eacute;s Vargas-Ter&aacute;n, Oficial de Producci&oacute;n y Salud Animal, FAO\/RLC, Santiago, Chile.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cargill P. 1999. Vaccine administration in poultry In Practice 323-328.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">CONAVE. 2011. Vacunas y m&eacute;todos de vacunaci&oacute;n. Buenas pr&aacute;cticas de producci&oacute;n av&iacute;cola. M&eacute;xico.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">G&oacute;mez-Mart&iacute;nez, Cristina. 2010. Vacunas. 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Sin embargo, estas medidas no son suficientes para la protección en la avicultura moderna contra patologías. Es de suma importancia llevar a cabo un programa de vacunación basado en las características de la explotación y una correcta aplicación de las vacunas ya que de éste dependerá el éxito de la producción por ciclo.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/avesengorda.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":18,"related":"","keywords":"Manejo preventivo, Aplicación de vacunas, Avicultura","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Ganaderia\/45. Vacunacion en las aves.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#FFD700\"><strong><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La prevenci&oacute;n de las enfermedades infecciosas es de suma importancia en la avicultura moderna industrial ya que se busca lograr un mayor rendimiento en un tiempo menor.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los principios b&aacute;sicos para la prevenci&oacute;n y el control est&aacute;n basados en medidas de higiene y bioseguridad, pero muchas veces estas medidas no son suficientes contra las enfermedades infecciosas, esto se debe a la alta concentraci&oacute;n de aves en un mismo lugar, seguido de buscar el mantenimiento de la temperatura y humedad en las naves, por lo que se deben recurrir a otras medidas de profilaxis.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Por otra parte, en los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os han aparecido o han sido descubiertas nuevas enfermedades, adem&aacute;s de que existen cambios en la signolog&iacute;a de las enfermedades ya conocidas. Por lo tanto, debe existir una estrecha relaci&oacute;n entre la implementaci&oacute;n de un buen manejo de la explotaci&oacute;n, el cual incluya medidas profil&aacute;cticas y de control.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las vacunas aviares tienen como objetivo estimular una inmunidad activa en las parvadas y proteger a las aves de la exposici&oacute;n de las cepas pat&oacute;genas presentes en las explotaciones av&iacute;colas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\"Instalaciones de pollo de engorda en explotaciones avícolas actuales (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/pollos-de-engorda.jpg\" style=\"height:296px; width:561px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 1. Instalaciones de pollo de engorda en explotaciones av&iacute;colas actuales (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La meta principal de la vacunaci&oacute;n es reducir el nivel de enfermedad y promover un desempe&ntilde;o &oacute;ptimo de las aves. Algunas vacunas tienen un efecto positivo en la salud p&uacute;blica, ya que ayudan a prevenir enfermedades que son transmitidas de aves a humanos, por ejemplo, Salmonelosis, Colibacilosis, Tuberculosis aviar, etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Tipos de vacunas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&nbsp;Existen diversos tipos de vacunas que son utilizadas en la avicultura, de acuerdo a su acci&oacute;n, composici&oacute;n y m&eacute;todo de administraci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); height:38px; width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><strong>&nbsp;C<span style=\"color:#000000\">uadro 1. Tipos de vacunas utilizadas en la avicultura (CONAVE, 2011).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); height:38px; width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Vacunas Virus vivo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); height:38px; width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Vacunas virus atenuado<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); height:38px; width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Vacunas recombinantes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Son compuestos preparados con organismos vivos modificados de tal forma que no producen desarrollo de la enfermedad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Son preparadas con organismos vivos que se encuentran inactivados absolutamente, pero conservando su acci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:196px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Estas vacunas contienen varios agentes mezclados en un solo frasco y pueden ser vivas o atenuadas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La elecci&oacute;n del tipo de vacuna depende de varios factores, siendo los m&aacute;s importantes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El tipo de ave: por ejemplo, los pollos de engorda se vacunan preferencialmente con vacunas vivas por su ciclo corto de vida.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La edad de las aves: por ejemplo, aves muy j&oacute;venes no se deben vacunar por medio del agua de bebida.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La enfermedad: existen vacunas ya definidas para cada enfermedad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El tipo de vacuna: por ejemplo, las vacunas contra la Enfermedad de Marek solo pueden ser administradas por inyecci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las condiciones locales: tales como los costos laborales y presencia de enfermedades en la regi&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Los bovinos presentan placenta cotiledonaria (Lezcano, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacuna-en-ojo.jpg\" style=\"height:306px; width:429px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 2. Administraci&oacute;n de vacuna en ojo (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFD700\"><strong>Manejo de vacunas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El manejo adecuado de las vacunas es considerado como la base del &eacute;xito de un buen plan de vacunaci&oacute;n, esto incluye la refrigeraci&oacute;n de 4&deg;C - 6&deg;C para que pueda cumplir su funci&oacute;n, evitar la exposici&oacute;n al sol, al igual que las vacunas deben ser adquiridas en laboratorios certificados y no se deben administrar vacunas para enfermedades que est&aacute;n erradicadas o no se encuentran presentes en la regi&oacute;n ya que no representan riesgo para la explotaci&oacute;n av&iacute;cola. Tambi&eacute;n es importante llevar un registro que incluya fecha, hora y condiciones ambientales de las aves vacunadas, con la finalidad de encontrar posibles fallas en la vacunaci&oacute;n e identificar reacciones post-vacunales.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFD700\"><strong>M&eacute;todos de aplicaci&oacute;n <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los m&eacute;todos de administraci&oacute;n de vacunas pueden dividirse en individuales y masivos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">M&eacute;todos individuales:\r\n\t<ul>\r\n\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">&Oacute;culo-nasal. M&eacute;todo muy seguro, que consiste en aplicar o depositar una gota de vacuna en el ojo o fosa nasal del ave, se debe tener cuidado para evitar irritaci&oacute;n.<\/li>\r\n\t<\/ul>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Punci&oacute;n alar. Este m&eacute;todo es sencillo y se lo efect&uacute;a mediante aplicaci&oacute;n en el pliegue del ala.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Subcut&aacute;neo. M&eacute;todo mediante el cual se inyecta la vacuna en la parte media posterior del cuello, ayud&aacute;ndose con los dedos &iacute;ndice y pulgar. Est&aacute; indicado para algunas vacunas inactivadas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\"><img alt=\"Administración de vacuna en ojo (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacuna-en-ala.jpg\" style=\"height:271px; width:363px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 3. Aplicaci&oacute;n de vacuna en ala del ave (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Método de aplicación subcutáneo (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/metodos-de-aplicacion.jpg\" style=\"height:300px; width:441px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 4. M&eacute;todo de aplicaci&oacute;n subcut&aacute;neo (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Intramuscular. La vacunaci&oacute;n por esta v&iacute;a puede ser en la pechuga o en la pierna del ave. Hay otros m&uacute;sculos como ala y cola, pero no son los sitios m&aacute;s recomendados.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>M&eacute;todos masivos\r\n\t<ul>\r\n\t\t<li>Agua de bebida. Considerado el m&aacute;s sencillo pero no asegura la misma cantidad para cada una de las aves que se inmunizan.<\/li>\r\n\t<\/ul>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\"><img alt=\"Aplicación de vacuna intramuscular en pechuga de ave (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacuna-intramuscular.jpg\" style=\"height:310px; width:324px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 5. Aplicaci&oacute;n de vacuna intramuscular en pechuga de ave (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"Aplicación de vacuna intramuscular en pechuga de ave (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacunacion-pollitos.jpg\" style=\"height:278px; width:456px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 6. Vacunaci&oacute;n de pollitos en agua de bebida (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&nbsp;Por aspersi&oacute;n. La vacunaci&oacute;n por aspersi&oacute;n puede ser por gota gruesa, como primera vacunaci&oacute;n en pollitos o por aspersi&oacute;n fina en aves mayores.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Un m&eacute;todo moderno y que requiere tecnolog&iacute;a de punta es la vacunaci&oacute;n &ldquo;<em>in-ovo<\/em>&rdquo;, es empleada en las plantas de incubaci&oacute;n aproximadamente tres d&iacute;as antes del nacimiento de las aves. La vacuna se deposita en el l&iacute;quido amni&oacute;tico. Esta t&eacute;cnica se utiliza principalmente para la vacunaci&oacute;n contra la Enfermedad de Marek.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\": Vacunación de pollitos en agua de bebida (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacuna-aspiracion.jpg\" style=\"height:312px; width:505px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 7. Aplicaci&oacute;n de vacuna por medio de aspersi&oacute;n a pollitos en sus primeras semanas de vida (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Aplicación de vacuna por medio de aspersión a pollitos en sus primeras semanas de vida (Pineda, 2015).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art45-vacunas-avicolas\/vacunas-en-el-huevo.jpg\" style=\"height:280px; width:373px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 204, 51); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Figura 8. Administraci&oacute;n de vacunas en el huevo (Pineda, 2015).<\/span><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La vacunaci&oacute;n no debe ser considerada como la soluci&oacute;n a los problemas sanitarios en el control de enfermedades, se debe complementar con otras medidas. Las buenas pr&aacute;cticas y bioseguridad garantizan el &eacute;xito en cualquier plan preventivo contra las enfermedades infecciosas, pero se hace necesario reforzar estas medidas con planes vacunales que logren detener a los agentes infecciosos en su prop&oacute;sito de causar enfermedad en las aves.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Capac&iacute;tate y aprende el<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/memorias\/ganaderia\/manejo-preventivo-de-enfermedades-en-producciones-avicolas\"><strong>Manejo Preventivo de Enfermedades en Producciones Av&iacute;colas<\/strong><\/a> <span style=\"color:#000000\">en nuestro curso virtual.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2020. Vacunaci&oacute;n en las aves. Serie Ganader&iacute;a, N&uacute;m. 45. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 6 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#DAA520\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Buenas Pr&aacute;cticas Ganaderas; Mois&eacute;s Vargas-Ter&aacute;n, Oficial de Producci&oacute;n y Salud Animal, FAO\/RLC, Santiago, Chile.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cargill P. 1999. Vaccine administration in poultry In Practice 323-328.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">CONAVE. 2011. Vacunas y m&eacute;todos de vacunaci&oacute;n. Buenas pr&aacute;cticas de producci&oacute;n av&iacute;cola. M&eacute;xico.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">G&oacute;mez-Mart&iacute;nez, Cristina. 2010. Vacunas. Tipos, t&eacute;cnicas y protocolos. SERVET.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pineda-Rojas, Alexander. 2015. Pronav&iacute;cola. Aspectos a tener en cuenta en la aplicaci&oacute;n de las vacunas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Sumano LH y Guti&eacute;rrez OL. 2005. Farmacolog&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica en aves. UNAM, Departamento de Fisiolog&iacute;a y Farmacolog&iacute;a, M&eacute;xico.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2020-05-08 12:24:53","updated":"2020-05-08 15:24:12","published":"2020-04-25 16:59:46","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/ganaderia"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"vacunacion-de-las-aves","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"vacunacion-de-las-aves","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}