{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":778,"views":149103,"title":"Sistema Excretor en Vertebrados","fb_title":"","link":"sistema-excretor-en-vertebrados","desc":"El principal sistema de excreción en los animales es el sistema urinario. El sistema urinario está formado por los riñones, en los cuales se produce la orina, los uréteres, la vejiga urinaria y la uretra. Existen diversas patologías en estos órganos, las cuales puede causar molestias en los animales e incluso la muerte. ","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art101-sistema-excretor\/ri%C3%B1onbovino.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":18,"related":"","keywords":"riñones en animales, alteraciones en la orina, excreción en vertebrados, problemas vesicales","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Ganaderia\/101. Sistema Excretor en animales.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI <\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El sistema o aparato excretor de los animales es el conjunto de &oacute;rganos y gl&aacute;ndulas que se encargan de eliminar los desechos de un organismo, ya sean el resultado del metabolismo celular o incorporado desde el ambiente. En los vertebrados, los principales &oacute;rganos excretores son los ri&ntilde;ones, estos son los que se encargan de eliminar los desechos (productos del metabolismo celular) y el exceso de agua. La unidad estructural y fisiol&oacute;gica del ri&ntilde;&oacute;n es la nefrona.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La excreci&oacute;n llevada a cabo por los aparatos excretores implica varios procesos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La excreci&oacute;n de los productos de desecho del metabolismo celular.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La osmorregulaci&oacute;n o regulaci&oacute;n de la presi&oacute;n osm&oacute;tica.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La ionoregulaci&oacute;n o regulaci&oacute;n de los iones del medio interno.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); height:8px; width:664px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><strong>&nbsp;<span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Cuadro 1. &Oacute;rganos implicados en la excreci&oacute;n en los vertebrados (Ortega, 2015).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Productos de desecho<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Origen de producto<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&Oacute;rgano productor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&Oacute;rgano de excreci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Medio excretor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Urea<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Por la degradaci&oacute;n de amino&aacute;cidos<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">H&iacute;gado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ri&ntilde;ones<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Orina<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&Aacute;cido &uacute;rico<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Por la degradaci&oacute;n de purinas<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">H&iacute;gado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">H&iacute;gado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Orina<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pigmentos biliares<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Por la degradaci&oacute;n de hemoglobina<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">H&iacute;gado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">A. Digestivo<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Heces<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Agua<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n celular<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Conjunto de c&eacute;lulas de organismo<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ri&ntilde;ones, piel y pulmones<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Orina, sudor, vapor de agua<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n celular<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Conjunto de c&eacute;lulas de organismo<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pulmones<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Aire espirado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Funciones de los ri&ntilde;ones<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">- Conservar electrolitos y agua.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">- Excretar productos de desecho del metabolismo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">- Producci&oacute;n de hormonas que intervienen en la presi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea y absorci&oacute;n de Na.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">- Regular el metabolismo de vitamina D.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Sistema Renina-Angiotensina- Aldosterona (Guzman, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art101-sistema-excretor\/ciclo.jpg\" style=\"height:729px; width:1084px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Sistema Renina-Angiotensina- Aldosterona (Guzman, 2017).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Atendiendo a una finalidad proped&eacute;utica&nbsp; se debe encarar la exploraci&oacute;n del aparato urinario tomando en consideraci&oacute;n dos sectores de actividad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">A) Ri&ntilde;&oacute;n y pelvis renal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">B) V&iacute;as de excreci&oacute;n: Ur&eacute;teres, vejiga y uretra.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Nefropat&iacute;as frecuentes <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Nefrosis amiloidea.<\/strong> Constituye una manifestaci&oacute;n localizada de una am&iacute;loidosis generalizada de ac&uacute;mulos amiloideos en el organismo, ac&uacute;mulos granulosos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Nefritis purulenta.<\/strong> Es el resultado de una bacteriemia com&uacute;nmente por <em>Actinobacillus equuli<\/em>, <em>Erysipelothrix<\/em> sp., <em>Streptococcus sp<\/em>., y <em>Actinomyces sp.<\/em> Se trata de procesos emb&oacute;licos donde las colonias se detienen principalmente en los glom&eacute;rulos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Pielonefritis.<\/strong> Es una infecci&oacute;n de la v&iacute;a urinaria superior causada por g&eacute;rmenes que ascienden a trav&eacute;s de los ur&eacute;teres que comunican los ri&ntilde;ones con la vejiga. Su tratamiento precoz evita complicaciones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Leucocis renal.<\/strong> Es causada por un retrovirus (ARN) oncog&eacute;nico que causa linfosarcomas en el ganado.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Hidronefritis. <\/strong>Se produce por una obstrucci&oacute;n en el conducto que conecta el ri&ntilde;&oacute;n con la vejiga (uretra). Puede deberse a c&aacute;lculos renales, infecciones, agrandamiento de la pr&oacute;stata, co&aacute;gulos de sangre o tumores.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); height:13px; width:644px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>&nbsp;Cuadro 2. Alteraciones de la orina (Daminato, 2015)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Poliuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Emisi&oacute;n frecuente de orina y en grandes cantidades.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Oliguria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Disminuci&oacute;n de la cantidad de orina, emitida sin obst&aacute;culos a<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">la permeabilidad de las v&iacute;as urinarias<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:24px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Anuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:24px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Falta total de la emisi&oacute;n de la orina.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">a) Excretoria.- por c&aacute;lculos en ur&eacute;ter.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">b) Secretoria.- baja funci&oacute;n de la nefrona.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Iscuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Retenci&oacute;n de la orina con distensi&oacute;n vesical.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">* Par&aacute;lisis vesical, obstrucci&oacute;n uretral por c&aacute;lculos, vaginitis<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Disuria: Micci&oacute;n con<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>dolor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">* Estrechez uretral, c&aacute;lculos uretrales, inflamaci&oacute;n de la uretra, vagina o vejiga.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Anomal&iacute;as uretrales<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Ur&eacute;ter ect&oacute;pico (desplazado).<\/strong> Es una anomal&iacute;a cong&eacute;nita en la cual uno o ambos ur&eacute;teres se abren en la uretra o la vagina.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"  class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"height: 20px; width: 737px; background-color: rgb(0, 102, 204);\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><strong>&nbsp;<span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Cuadro 3. Problemas vesicales (Arias, 2013).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Polaquiuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Se caracteriza por micciones frecuentes y de peque&ntilde;o volumen, se trata de una alteraci&oacute;n verificable en cistopat&iacute;as que refleja un estado irritativo del &oacute;rgano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Tenesmo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>vesical<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Se caracteriza por contracciones espasm&oacute;dicas, a veces dolorosas de la vejiga, con expulsi&oacute;n nula o muy escasa de orina modificada en sus caracteres<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Disuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Caracterizado cl&iacute;nicamente por dificultad en la micci&oacute;n, que puede tener origen en anomal&iacute;as vesicales o anexos, paresia vesical, obstrucci&oacute;n prost&aacute;tica en perros de edad, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, hipertrofia prost&aacute;tica simple, etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:27px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Enuresis o incontinencia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>urinaria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:27px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La orina se emite a gotas o bien a veces a chorros como consecuencia de movimientos que aumentan la presi&oacute;n de pie o el dec&uacute;bito o simplemente durante la marcha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Hematuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La orina se observa de color rojiza.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2021. 101. Sistema Excretor en Vertebrados. N&uacute;m. 101. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Arias. 2013. Sistema Urinario en Animales. Ri&ntilde;ones. Proyectos de Veterinaria.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Brejov, G. 2016. Manual de Semiolog&iacute;a Veterinaria. Universidad de Buenos<br \/>\r\n\tAires.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ciro Alvarado. 2015. Semiologia Animal. 2015, de UNEFM<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Jackson, P., &amp; Cockcroft, P. 2002. Examination of Farm Animals. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Prieto Monta&ntilde;a, F. 1999. Exploraci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica Veterinaria, cap. 33. Universidad de Le&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rowen D. Frandson, W. Lee Wilke &amp; Anna Dee Fails. 2009. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals. USA: WILEY.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2021-12-03 15:01:33","updated":"2021-12-03 15:57:21","published":"2021-12-03 15:57:21","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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El sistema urinario está formado por los riñones, en los cuales se produce la orina, los uréteres, la vejiga urinaria y la uretra. Existen diversas patologías en estos órganos, las cuales puede causar molestias en los animales e incluso la muerte. ","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art101-sistema-excretor\/ri%C3%B1onbovino.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":18,"related":"","keywords":"riñones en animales, alteraciones en la orina, excreción en vertebrados, problemas vesicales","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Ganaderia\/101. Sistema Excretor en animales.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI <\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El sistema o aparato excretor de los animales es el conjunto de &oacute;rganos y gl&aacute;ndulas que se encargan de eliminar los desechos de un organismo, ya sean el resultado del metabolismo celular o incorporado desde el ambiente. En los vertebrados, los principales &oacute;rganos excretores son los ri&ntilde;ones, estos son los que se encargan de eliminar los desechos (productos del metabolismo celular) y el exceso de agua. La unidad estructural y fisiol&oacute;gica del ri&ntilde;&oacute;n es la nefrona.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La excreci&oacute;n llevada a cabo por los aparatos excretores implica varios procesos:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La excreci&oacute;n de los productos de desecho del metabolismo celular.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La osmorregulaci&oacute;n o regulaci&oacute;n de la presi&oacute;n osm&oacute;tica.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La ionoregulaci&oacute;n o regulaci&oacute;n de los iones del medio interno.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"5\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); height:8px; width:664px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><strong>&nbsp;<span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Cuadro 1. &Oacute;rganos implicados en la excreci&oacute;n en los vertebrados (Ortega, 2015).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Productos de desecho<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Origen de producto<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&Oacute;rgano productor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&Oacute;rgano de excreci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:11px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Medio excretor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Urea<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Por la degradaci&oacute;n de amino&aacute;cidos<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">H&iacute;gado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ri&ntilde;ones<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Orina<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&Aacute;cido &uacute;rico<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Por la degradaci&oacute;n de purinas<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">H&iacute;gado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">H&iacute;gado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Orina<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pigmentos biliares<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Por la degradaci&oacute;n de hemoglobina<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">H&iacute;gado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">A. Digestivo<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Heces<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Agua<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n celular<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Conjunto de c&eacute;lulas de organismo<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ri&ntilde;ones, piel y pulmones<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Orina, sudor, vapor de agua<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:152px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:138px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n celular<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:142px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Conjunto de c&eacute;lulas de organismo<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pulmones<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:25px; width:113px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Aire espirado<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"clear:both;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Funciones de los ri&ntilde;ones<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">- Conservar electrolitos y agua.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">- Excretar productos de desecho del metabolismo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">- Producci&oacute;n de hormonas que intervienen en la presi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea y absorci&oacute;n de Na.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">- Regular el metabolismo de vitamina D.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Sistema Renina-Angiotensina- Aldosterona (Guzman, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art101-sistema-excretor\/ciclo.jpg\" style=\"height:729px; width:1084px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Sistema Renina-Angiotensina- Aldosterona (Guzman, 2017).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Atendiendo a una finalidad proped&eacute;utica&nbsp; se debe encarar la exploraci&oacute;n del aparato urinario tomando en consideraci&oacute;n dos sectores de actividad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">A) Ri&ntilde;&oacute;n y pelvis renal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">B) V&iacute;as de excreci&oacute;n: Ur&eacute;teres, vejiga y uretra.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Nefropat&iacute;as frecuentes <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Nefrosis amiloidea.<\/strong> Constituye una manifestaci&oacute;n localizada de una am&iacute;loidosis generalizada de ac&uacute;mulos amiloideos en el organismo, ac&uacute;mulos granulosos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Nefritis purulenta.<\/strong> Es el resultado de una bacteriemia com&uacute;nmente por <em>Actinobacillus equuli<\/em>, <em>Erysipelothrix<\/em> sp., <em>Streptococcus sp<\/em>., y <em>Actinomyces sp.<\/em> Se trata de procesos emb&oacute;licos donde las colonias se detienen principalmente en los glom&eacute;rulos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Pielonefritis.<\/strong> Es una infecci&oacute;n de la v&iacute;a urinaria superior causada por g&eacute;rmenes que ascienden a trav&eacute;s de los ur&eacute;teres que comunican los ri&ntilde;ones con la vejiga. Su tratamiento precoz evita complicaciones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Leucocis renal.<\/strong> Es causada por un retrovirus (ARN) oncog&eacute;nico que causa linfosarcomas en el ganado.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Hidronefritis. <\/strong>Se produce por una obstrucci&oacute;n en el conducto que conecta el ri&ntilde;&oacute;n con la vejiga (uretra). Puede deberse a c&aacute;lculos renales, infecciones, agrandamiento de la pr&oacute;stata, co&aacute;gulos de sangre o tumores.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); height:13px; width:644px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>&nbsp;Cuadro 2. Alteraciones de la orina (Daminato, 2015)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Poliuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Emisi&oacute;n frecuente de orina y en grandes cantidades.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Oliguria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Disminuci&oacute;n de la cantidad de orina, emitida sin obst&aacute;culos a<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">la permeabilidad de las v&iacute;as urinarias<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:24px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Anuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:24px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Falta total de la emisi&oacute;n de la orina.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">a) Excretoria.- por c&aacute;lculos en ur&eacute;ter.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">b) Secretoria.- baja funci&oacute;n de la nefrona.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Iscuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Retenci&oacute;n de la orina con distensi&oacute;n vesical.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">* Par&aacute;lisis vesical, obstrucci&oacute;n uretral por c&aacute;lculos, vaginitis<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:153px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Disuria: Micci&oacute;n con<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>dolor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:491px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">* Estrechez uretral, c&aacute;lculos uretrales, inflamaci&oacute;n de la uretra, vagina o vejiga.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Anomal&iacute;as uretrales<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Ur&eacute;ter ect&oacute;pico (desplazado).<\/strong> Es una anomal&iacute;a cong&eacute;nita en la cual uno o ambos ur&eacute;teres se abren en la uretra o la vagina.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"  class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"height: 20px; width: 737px; background-color: rgb(0, 102, 204);\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><strong>&nbsp;<span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Cuadro 3. Problemas vesicales (Arias, 2013).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Polaquiuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Se caracteriza por micciones frecuentes y de peque&ntilde;o volumen, se trata de una alteraci&oacute;n verificable en cistopat&iacute;as que refleja un estado irritativo del &oacute;rgano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Tenesmo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>vesical<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:16px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Se caracteriza por contracciones espasm&oacute;dicas, a veces dolorosas de la vejiga, con expulsi&oacute;n nula o muy escasa de orina modificada en sus caracteres<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Disuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Caracterizado cl&iacute;nicamente por dificultad en la micci&oacute;n, que puede tener origen en anomal&iacute;as vesicales o anexos, paresia vesical, obstrucci&oacute;n prost&aacute;tica en perros de edad, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, hipertrofia prost&aacute;tica simple, etc.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:27px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Enuresis o incontinencia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>urinaria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:27px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La orina se emite a gotas o bien a veces a chorros como consecuencia de movimientos que aumentan la presi&oacute;n de pie o el dec&uacute;bito o simplemente durante la marcha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:123px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Hematuria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:614px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La orina se observa de color rojiza.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2021. 101. Sistema Excretor en Vertebrados. N&uacute;m. 101. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Arias. 2013. Sistema Urinario en Animales. Ri&ntilde;ones. Proyectos de Veterinaria.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Brejov, G. 2016. Manual de Semiolog&iacute;a Veterinaria. Universidad de Buenos<br \/>\r\n\tAires.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ciro Alvarado. 2015. Semiologia Animal. 2015, de UNEFM<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Jackson, P., &amp; Cockcroft, P. 2002. Examination of Farm Animals. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Prieto Monta&ntilde;a, F. 1999. Exploraci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica Veterinaria, cap. 33. Universidad de Le&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rowen D. Frandson, W. Lee Wilke &amp; Anna Dee Fails. 2009. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals. USA: WILEY.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2021-12-03 15:01:33","updated":"2021-12-03 15:57:21","published":"2021-12-03 15:57:21","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/ganaderia"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"sistema-excretor-en-vertebrados","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"sistema-excretor-en-vertebrados","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}