{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":723,"views":147847,"title":"Raza Holstein","fb_title":"","link":"raza-holstein","desc":"La raza holstein es ampliamente conocida por su distribución geográfica y los altos volúmenes de producción, es lo que posiciona a esta raza como la más lechera del mundo, además de resaltar por su buena adaptabilidad.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art76-vacas-holstein\/holstein.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":18,"related":"","keywords":"vacas holstein, holstein ideal, hembras holstein, producción de leche","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Ganaderia\/76. Raza Holstein.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI <\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El origen de esta raza se centra en provincias septentrionales de Holanda: Frisia Occidental y Pa&iacute;s Bajo del Norte (North Holland).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas de la raza<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los Holstein son r&aacute;pidamente reconocidos por sus marcas distintivas de color y producci&oacute;n de leche.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Son animales elegantes, grandes con modelos de color de negro y blanco o rojo y blanco.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Un ternero pesa 40 Kg. o m&aacute;s al nacimiento.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Una vaca llega a pesar unos 675 Kg. Con una altura de unos 150 cm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas f&iacute;sicas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cuerpo anguloso, amplio, descarnado, considerando el periodo de lactancia.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cuello largo descarnado, bien implantado.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Capacidad corporal relativamente grande en proporci&oacute;n al tama&ntilde;o.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre de gran capacidad y buena forma.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><em><img alt=\"Vaca de la raza Holstein (Ganadería, 2013).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art76-vacas-holstein\/Vaca-holstein.jpg\" style=\"height:376px; width:659px\" \/> <\/em>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 102); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Vaca de la raza Holstein (Ganader&iacute;a, 2013).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"toggle\">\r\n<!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Producci&oacute;n de leche<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La producci&oacute;n promedio para los hatos de ganado Holstein en los EUA con evaluaci&oacute;n gen&eacute;tica fue de 9,525 Kg. de leche, 348 Kg. de Grasa y 307 Kg. de prote&iacute;na al a&ntilde;o.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Es altamente variable seg&uacute;n el manejo y la alimentaci&oacute;n de la vaca, pero se conocen vacas que han superado con mucho los 20 000 L de leche. Hay zonas de Espa&ntilde;a y Andorra donde la media del &aacute;rea ronda los 12 000 litros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Rentabilidad<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Caracter&iacute;stica principal de la raza Holstein son los altos vol&uacute;menes de producci&oacute;n, que le permiten ser la m&aacute;s lechera del mundo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Holstein es la raza m&aacute;s rentable, y por lo tanto, la m&aacute;s difundida en el mundo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Holstein ideal<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El animal holstein se juzga teniendo en cuenta los seis aspectos siguientes, a cada uno se le otorga un puntaje, teniendo como sumatoria de todos los aspectos 100, en consecuencia el animal juzgado que se acerque m&aacute;s a ese puntaje habr&aacute; llegado al ideal de la raza.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><em><img alt=\": Hembras de la raza holstein (Pregón Agropecuario, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art76-vacas-holstein\/hembras-holstein.jpg\" style=\"height:399px; width:611px\" \/> <\/em>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 102); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 2. Hembras de la raza holstein (Preg&oacute;n Agropecuario, 2017).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Apariencia general (20)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Individualidad atractiva, que indica feminidad, vigor y fortaleza, tama&ntilde;o y estatura, con una armoniosa uni&oacute;n y balance proporcional de todas sus partes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Temperamento lechero (14)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Habilidad lechera, la angularidad y descarne general, sin debilidad o evidencia de fragilidad; carencia de acumulaci&oacute;n de grasa y de partes toscas, considerando la &eacute;poca de lactancia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cuello: Largo y tableado, delgado, unido suavemente a la espalda, descarnado en la garganta y sin grasa en el gargant&oacute;n y base del pecho.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cruz: Bien definida y angulosa, con las v&eacute;rtebras dorsales ligeramente sobresalientes con relaci&oacute;n a las paletas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Costillas: Bien apartadas entre s&iacute;, de hueso plano, ancho y largo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Flancos: Profundos y refinados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Muslos: Vistos de lado, rectos o ligeramente curvos; vistos de atr&aacute;s, bien apartados entre s&iacute; cediendo amplio espacio para la ubre y su inserci&oacute;n posterior.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre: Suave y plegable, libre de grasa o edema.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Huesos: Planos, fuertes y sin tosquedad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Capacidad (14)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cabeza: Hocico fuerte, con ollares grandes y abiertos; quijadas que se junten aproximadamente; quijada inferior fuerte; frente ancha.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pecho: Con base ancha, resultado de una amplia separaci&oacute;n de las manos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Espalda: Unida suavemente a las costillas, cruz y cuello y base del pecho, formando una uni&oacute;n estrecha con el cuerpo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">C&iacute;rculo tor&aacute;xico: Grande y profundo, lleno al nivel de los codos, con las costillas delanteras bien arqueadas, unidas suavemente a la espalda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Espaldilla: Bien rellena.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">L&iacute;nea dorsal: Fuerte y recta, con las v&eacute;rtebras bien definidas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Lomo: Ancho y ligeramente arqueado; v&eacute;rtebras bien definidas; ligeramente m&aacute;s ancho y alto al unirse al anca.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Secci&oacute;n media: Costillas largas, anchas y bien arqueadas, con profundidad y anchura para incrementar la capacidad del abdomen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Patas y pezu&ntilde;as (12)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Hueso limpio y fuerte; con patas que en su forma y movimiento permiten cargar apropiadamente al animal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pezu&ntilde;as: Cortas y bien redondeadas, con tal&oacute;n profundo y dedos ligeramente separados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Patas: Cuartillas fuertes, de mediana longitud y flexibilidad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Sistema mamario (30)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre firmemente insertada, bien balanceada y nivelada, de textura fina que indique abundante producci&oacute;n y larga vida &uacute;til. Sim&eacute;trica, de longitud, anchura y profundidad moderadas y ligera cuarteadura a los lados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ligamento medio suspensorio: Fuerte, con una peque&ntilde;a hendidura en la mitad de la ubre.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre anterior: Inserc&iacute;&oacute;n firme y suave al cuerpo; longitud moderada y cuartos bien balanceados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre posterior: Inserci&oacute;n alta, ancha y fuerte; ligeramente redondeada; amplitud uniforme de arriba a abajo; cuartos bien balanceados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pezones: De tama&ntilde;os uniforme, de longitud y di&aacute;metro medianos; cil&iacute;ndricos y perpendiculares.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Venas mamarias: Largas, tortuosas y ramificadas. Es deseable que la ubre sea venosa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><em><img alt=\"Holstein ideal (Pregón Agropecuario, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art76-vacas-holstein\/holstein-ideal.jpg\" style=\"height:415px; width:594px\" \/> <\/em>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 102); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 3. Holstein ideal (Preg&oacute;n Agropecuario, 2017).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Anca (10)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Larga, ancha y bien cortada, unida suavemente al lomo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cuadriles: Anchos pero no prominentes; ligeramente m&aacute;s altos que la punta del anca.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Puntas del anca: Bien separadas entre s&iacute; y sin acumulaci&oacute;n de grasa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cola: Larga y delgada.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2021. Raza Holstein. N&uacute;m. 76. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 5 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">AgroEcuador. 2003. Caracter&iacute;sticas de la raza holstein. C&aacute;mara de agricultura. Zona I.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ganader&iacute;a. Pecuarios. 2000. Raza Holstein.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Gasque-G&oacute;mez R y Blanco-Ochoa Miguel A. 2001. Zootecnia en bovinos productores de leche. M&eacute;xico (DF): UNAM.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Hern&aacute;ndez, J., Ortega, A, Fern&aacute;ndez, I., Raigoza, G., &amp; Montaldo, H. 2006. Fertilidad y producci&oacute;n de leche de vacas Holstein americanas, australianas y uruguayas en estabulado. Archivos de Zootecnia, 55 (211), 289-292.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2021-04-08 14:36:49","updated":"2021-04-13 14:30:35","published":"2021-04-13 14:30:35","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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Raza Holstein.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI <\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El origen de esta raza se centra en provincias septentrionales de Holanda: Frisia Occidental y Pa&iacute;s Bajo del Norte (North Holland).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas de la raza<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los Holstein son r&aacute;pidamente reconocidos por sus marcas distintivas de color y producci&oacute;n de leche.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Son animales elegantes, grandes con modelos de color de negro y blanco o rojo y blanco.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Un ternero pesa 40 Kg. o m&aacute;s al nacimiento.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Una vaca llega a pesar unos 675 Kg. Con una altura de unos 150 cm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas f&iacute;sicas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cuerpo anguloso, amplio, descarnado, considerando el periodo de lactancia.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cuello largo descarnado, bien implantado.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Capacidad corporal relativamente grande en proporci&oacute;n al tama&ntilde;o.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre de gran capacidad y buena forma.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><em><img alt=\"Vaca de la raza Holstein (Ganadería, 2013).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art76-vacas-holstein\/Vaca-holstein.jpg\" style=\"height:376px; width:659px\" \/> <\/em>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 102); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Vaca de la raza Holstein (Ganader&iacute;a, 2013).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"toggle\">\r\n<!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Producci&oacute;n de leche<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La producci&oacute;n promedio para los hatos de ganado Holstein en los EUA con evaluaci&oacute;n gen&eacute;tica fue de 9,525 Kg. de leche, 348 Kg. de Grasa y 307 Kg. de prote&iacute;na al a&ntilde;o.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Es altamente variable seg&uacute;n el manejo y la alimentaci&oacute;n de la vaca, pero se conocen vacas que han superado con mucho los 20 000 L de leche. Hay zonas de Espa&ntilde;a y Andorra donde la media del &aacute;rea ronda los 12 000 litros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Rentabilidad<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Caracter&iacute;stica principal de la raza Holstein son los altos vol&uacute;menes de producci&oacute;n, que le permiten ser la m&aacute;s lechera del mundo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Holstein es la raza m&aacute;s rentable, y por lo tanto, la m&aacute;s difundida en el mundo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Holstein ideal<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El animal holstein se juzga teniendo en cuenta los seis aspectos siguientes, a cada uno se le otorga un puntaje, teniendo como sumatoria de todos los aspectos 100, en consecuencia el animal juzgado que se acerque m&aacute;s a ese puntaje habr&aacute; llegado al ideal de la raza.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><em><img alt=\": Hembras de la raza holstein (Pregón Agropecuario, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art76-vacas-holstein\/hembras-holstein.jpg\" style=\"height:399px; width:611px\" \/> <\/em>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 102); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 2. Hembras de la raza holstein (Preg&oacute;n Agropecuario, 2017).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Apariencia general (20)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Individualidad atractiva, que indica feminidad, vigor y fortaleza, tama&ntilde;o y estatura, con una armoniosa uni&oacute;n y balance proporcional de todas sus partes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Temperamento lechero (14)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Habilidad lechera, la angularidad y descarne general, sin debilidad o evidencia de fragilidad; carencia de acumulaci&oacute;n de grasa y de partes toscas, considerando la &eacute;poca de lactancia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cuello: Largo y tableado, delgado, unido suavemente a la espalda, descarnado en la garganta y sin grasa en el gargant&oacute;n y base del pecho.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cruz: Bien definida y angulosa, con las v&eacute;rtebras dorsales ligeramente sobresalientes con relaci&oacute;n a las paletas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Costillas: Bien apartadas entre s&iacute;, de hueso plano, ancho y largo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Flancos: Profundos y refinados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Muslos: Vistos de lado, rectos o ligeramente curvos; vistos de atr&aacute;s, bien apartados entre s&iacute; cediendo amplio espacio para la ubre y su inserci&oacute;n posterior.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre: Suave y plegable, libre de grasa o edema.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Huesos: Planos, fuertes y sin tosquedad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Capacidad (14)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cabeza: Hocico fuerte, con ollares grandes y abiertos; quijadas que se junten aproximadamente; quijada inferior fuerte; frente ancha.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pecho: Con base ancha, resultado de una amplia separaci&oacute;n de las manos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Espalda: Unida suavemente a las costillas, cruz y cuello y base del pecho, formando una uni&oacute;n estrecha con el cuerpo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">C&iacute;rculo tor&aacute;xico: Grande y profundo, lleno al nivel de los codos, con las costillas delanteras bien arqueadas, unidas suavemente a la espalda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Espaldilla: Bien rellena.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">L&iacute;nea dorsal: Fuerte y recta, con las v&eacute;rtebras bien definidas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Lomo: Ancho y ligeramente arqueado; v&eacute;rtebras bien definidas; ligeramente m&aacute;s ancho y alto al unirse al anca.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Secci&oacute;n media: Costillas largas, anchas y bien arqueadas, con profundidad y anchura para incrementar la capacidad del abdomen.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Patas y pezu&ntilde;as (12)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Hueso limpio y fuerte; con patas que en su forma y movimiento permiten cargar apropiadamente al animal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pezu&ntilde;as: Cortas y bien redondeadas, con tal&oacute;n profundo y dedos ligeramente separados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Patas: Cuartillas fuertes, de mediana longitud y flexibilidad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Sistema mamario (30)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre firmemente insertada, bien balanceada y nivelada, de textura fina que indique abundante producci&oacute;n y larga vida &uacute;til. Sim&eacute;trica, de longitud, anchura y profundidad moderadas y ligera cuarteadura a los lados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ligamento medio suspensorio: Fuerte, con una peque&ntilde;a hendidura en la mitad de la ubre.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre anterior: Inserc&iacute;&oacute;n firme y suave al cuerpo; longitud moderada y cuartos bien balanceados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ubre posterior: Inserci&oacute;n alta, ancha y fuerte; ligeramente redondeada; amplitud uniforme de arriba a abajo; cuartos bien balanceados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pezones: De tama&ntilde;os uniforme, de longitud y di&aacute;metro medianos; cil&iacute;ndricos y perpendiculares.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Venas mamarias: Largas, tortuosas y ramificadas. Es deseable que la ubre sea venosa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><em><img alt=\"Holstein ideal (Pregón Agropecuario, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art76-vacas-holstein\/holstein-ideal.jpg\" style=\"height:415px; width:594px\" \/> <\/em>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 102); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 3. Holstein ideal (Preg&oacute;n Agropecuario, 2017).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Anca (10)<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Larga, ancha y bien cortada, unida suavemente al lomo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cuadriles: Anchos pero no prominentes; ligeramente m&aacute;s altos que la punta del anca.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Puntas del anca: Bien separadas entre s&iacute; y sin acumulaci&oacute;n de grasa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cola: Larga y delgada.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2021. Raza Holstein. N&uacute;m. 76. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 5 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#A52A2A\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">AgroEcuador. 2003. Caracter&iacute;sticas de la raza holstein. C&aacute;mara de agricultura. Zona I.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ganader&iacute;a. Pecuarios. 2000. Raza Holstein.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Gasque-G&oacute;mez R y Blanco-Ochoa Miguel A. 2001. Zootecnia en bovinos productores de leche. M&eacute;xico (DF): UNAM.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Hern&aacute;ndez, J., Ortega, A, Fern&aacute;ndez, I., Raigoza, G., &amp; Montaldo, H. 2006. Fertilidad y producci&oacute;n de leche de vacas Holstein americanas, australianas y uruguayas en estabulado. Archivos de Zootecnia, 55 (211), 289-292.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2021-04-08 14:36:49","updated":"2021-04-13 14:30:35","published":"2021-04-13 14:30:35","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/ganaderia"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"raza-holstein","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"raza-holstein","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}