{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":645,"views":16330,"title":"Diarrea en Becerros ","fb_title":"","link":"diarrea-en-becerros","desc":"El sistema inmunológico del becerro al nacimiento no está completamente desarrollado, lo cual lo hace más susceptible a agentes patógenos después del parto. El síndrome diarreico neonatal provoca muertes y es considerado como la principal causa de pérdidas en los becerros. Debido a esto se sugieren medidas de prevención tales como la ingesta de calostro en las primeras horas de vida, buenas prácticas de manejo y vacunación de vacas y vaquillas gestantes.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art44-diarrea-becerros\/becerros.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":18,"related":"","keywords":"diarrea neonatal, síndrome diarreico, deshidratación, becerro, becerros, diarrea","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Ganaderia\/44. Diarrea en becerros.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El sistema inmunol&oacute;gico en el bovino reci&eacute;n nacido no est&aacute; desarrollado completamente, por lo cual el becerro es altamente susceptible a una cantidad numerosa de pat&oacute;genos, lo que provoca muertes en esta etapa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Los bovinos presentan placenta cotiledonaria (Lezcano, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art44-diarrea-becerros\/placenta.jpg\" style=\"height:367px; width:454px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Los bovinos presentan placenta cotiledonaria (Lezcano, 2017). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Debido al tipo de placenta de los rumiantes, no se lleva a cabo el paso de inmunoglobulinas de la sangre materna hacia el feto, por lo que el reci&eacute;n nacido es agammaglobulin&eacute;mico al parto; es decir tiene niveles muy bajos de prote&iacute;nas protectoras del sistema inmunitario llamadas inmunoglobulinas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las primeras horas de vida est&aacute;n marcadas por un paso no selectivo de macromol&eacute;culas y transporte a trav&eacute;s del intestino delgado, por lo que la entrada de virus y bacterias puede darse sin dificultades. Por esto, la ingesti&oacute;n de calostro es de suma importancia para el reci&eacute;n nacido porque es especialmente rico en Ig o anticuerpos, los cu&aacute;les proveen al becerro protecci&oacute;n inmunol&oacute;gica y estimulaci&oacute;n del desarrollo del tracto gastrointestinal durante las primeras semanas de vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las enfermedades que causan diarrea son las m&aacute;s importantes en el reci&eacute;n nacido, siendo responsables de las mayores p&eacute;rdidas econ&oacute;micas que cualquier otra enfermedad en becerros. El periodo de mayor riesgo es el que va desde el nacimiento hasta aproximadamente un mes de edad. La condici&oacute;n ocurre tanto en hatos lecheros como en productores de carne y representa una limitante en la producci&oacute;n. En el cuadro 1 se muestran los agentes etiol&oacute;gicos potenciales de la diarrea en becerros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los becerros afectados presentan diarrea severa, la cual lleva a una deshidrataci&oacute;n, desbalance electrol&iacute;tico y acidosis. Si el pron&oacute;stico es favorable, los becerros afectados nunca alcanzan a desarrollar su m&aacute;ximo potencial gen&eacute;tico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">En becerros con diarrea aguda, existe una p&eacute;rdida de iones de sodio y agua, bicarbonato, cloro y potasio hacia los intestinos y subsecuentemente hacia las heces.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Estas p&eacute;rdidas tienen consecuencias en grados diferentes de deshidrataci&oacute;n, hipovolemia disminuci&oacute;n del volumen total de sangre que circula en el organismo), acidosis metab&oacute;lica, hiponatremia (niveles bajos sodio) e hipocloremia (deficiencia del cloro en el l&iacute;quido extracelular).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0000FF\">Mecanismos de la diarrea<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Hipermotilidad del intestino<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Permeabilidad aumentada del intestino<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Hipersecreci&oacute;n intestinal<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Mala absorci&oacute;n intestinal<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"Causas infecciosas de la diarrea en becerros (Daugschies, 2005).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art44-diarrea-becerros\/infecciosas.jpg\" style=\"height:392px; width:611px\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); width:589px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 1. Factores etiol&oacute;gicos potenciales de diarrea en becerros (Olgu&iacute;n, 2003).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Factor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000\">Descripci&oacute;n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Bacterias<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><em>E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens<\/em> tipo C<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Protozoarios<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Coccidia, <em>Eimeria surni, E. bovis<\/em> y <em>Cryptosporidia<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Hongos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><em>Candida albicans<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Virus<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Parvovirus, Diarrea Viral Bovina, Rinotraque&iacute;tis Infecciosa Bovina<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Dietarias<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Sobrealimentaci&oacute;n, administraci&oacute;n de substitutos de leche con prote&iacute;na poco digestible para el becerro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Deshidrataci&oacute;n <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La deshidrataci&oacute;n juega un papel muy importante ya que sin importar el agente etiol&oacute;gico, la diarrea y el desbalance electrol&iacute;tico son las principales causas de muerte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Un becerro sano presenta un estado de balance fisiol&oacute;gico con respecto al agua y electr&oacute;litos, perdiendo algo en las heces, orina y otras secreciones para balancear lo ingerido en la dieta. En un becerro con diarrea, el agua perdida en las heces es mucho mayor. Los signos de deshidrataci&oacute;n se muestran en el Cuadro 2.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Tratamiento y prevenci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El tratamiento se basa en terapia de l&iacute;quidos por las consecuencias que puede tener la deshidrataci&oacute;n as&iacute; como el uso de antibioterapia una vez que sea conocido el agente etiol&oacute;gico. Se deben identificar los factores relacionados con el manejo, nutrici&oacute;n e higiene para minimizar la presencia de agentes etiol&oacute;gicos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La clave es mantener un buen nivel nutricional, adecuado consumo de calostro y aumentar la resistencia de los neonatos mediante la vacunaci&oacute;n de las hembras gestantes de 30 a 60 d&iacute;as antes del parto para incrementar la concentraci&oacute;n de anticuerpos en el calostro contra pat&oacute;genos ent&eacute;ricos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\">&nbsp;\r\n<table align=\"right\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204)\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><strong>&nbsp;<span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Cuadro 2. Signos de deshidrataci&oacute;n (Olgu&iacute;n, 2003).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Signos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Porcentaje de deshidrataci&oacute;n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Inaparente<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&lt;5 %<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Ojos hundidos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">6-7 %<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Depresi&oacute;n, membranas mucosas secas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">8-10%<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Postraci&oacute;n, extremidades fr&iacute;as, pulso d&eacute;bil<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">11-12%<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Signos nerviosos, muerte<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&gt;12%<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2020. Diarrea en becerros. Ganader&iacute;a. Serie Ganader&iacute;a, N&uacute;m. 44. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Bovine Veterinary Forum. Focus: Calf Immunology. Bovine Veterinary Forum. 9, 1: 1994.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Daugschies; Najdrowski, M. 2005. Eimeriosis in Cattle: Current Understanding. J. Vet. Med. 52: 417&ndash;427.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Godden, S. 2007. Colostrum management for dairy calves. Proceedings from the conference Calf Management Steinkjer, Norway. Pp7-14.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Olgu&iacute;n y Bernal Arturo. 2003. S&iacute;ndrome diarreico neonatal. Cl&iacute;nica de Bovinos. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. UNAM.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"El suministro de electrolitos y terapia de líquidos es importante para un tratamiento exitoso de la diarrea (Del Cura, 2009).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art44-diarrea-becerros\/suministro-de-electrolitos.jpg\" style=\"height:358px; width:447px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 3. 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El síndrome diarreico neonatal provoca muertes y es considerado como la principal causa de pérdidas en los becerros. Debido a esto se sugieren medidas de prevención tales como la ingesta de calostro en las primeras horas de vida, buenas prácticas de manejo y vacunación de vacas y vaquillas gestantes.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art44-diarrea-becerros\/becerros.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":18,"related":"","keywords":"diarrea neonatal, síndrome diarreico, deshidratación, becerro, becerros, diarrea","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Ganaderia\/44. Diarrea en becerros.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El sistema inmunol&oacute;gico en el bovino reci&eacute;n nacido no est&aacute; desarrollado completamente, por lo cual el becerro es altamente susceptible a una cantidad numerosa de pat&oacute;genos, lo que provoca muertes en esta etapa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Los bovinos presentan placenta cotiledonaria (Lezcano, 2017).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art44-diarrea-becerros\/placenta.jpg\" style=\"height:367px; width:454px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Los bovinos presentan placenta cotiledonaria (Lezcano, 2017). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Debido al tipo de placenta de los rumiantes, no se lleva a cabo el paso de inmunoglobulinas de la sangre materna hacia el feto, por lo que el reci&eacute;n nacido es agammaglobulin&eacute;mico al parto; es decir tiene niveles muy bajos de prote&iacute;nas protectoras del sistema inmunitario llamadas inmunoglobulinas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las primeras horas de vida est&aacute;n marcadas por un paso no selectivo de macromol&eacute;culas y transporte a trav&eacute;s del intestino delgado, por lo que la entrada de virus y bacterias puede darse sin dificultades. Por esto, la ingesti&oacute;n de calostro es de suma importancia para el reci&eacute;n nacido porque es especialmente rico en Ig o anticuerpos, los cu&aacute;les proveen al becerro protecci&oacute;n inmunol&oacute;gica y estimulaci&oacute;n del desarrollo del tracto gastrointestinal durante las primeras semanas de vida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las enfermedades que causan diarrea son las m&aacute;s importantes en el reci&eacute;n nacido, siendo responsables de las mayores p&eacute;rdidas econ&oacute;micas que cualquier otra enfermedad en becerros. El periodo de mayor riesgo es el que va desde el nacimiento hasta aproximadamente un mes de edad. La condici&oacute;n ocurre tanto en hatos lecheros como en productores de carne y representa una limitante en la producci&oacute;n. En el cuadro 1 se muestran los agentes etiol&oacute;gicos potenciales de la diarrea en becerros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los becerros afectados presentan diarrea severa, la cual lleva a una deshidrataci&oacute;n, desbalance electrol&iacute;tico y acidosis. Si el pron&oacute;stico es favorable, los becerros afectados nunca alcanzan a desarrollar su m&aacute;ximo potencial gen&eacute;tico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">En becerros con diarrea aguda, existe una p&eacute;rdida de iones de sodio y agua, bicarbonato, cloro y potasio hacia los intestinos y subsecuentemente hacia las heces.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Estas p&eacute;rdidas tienen consecuencias en grados diferentes de deshidrataci&oacute;n, hipovolemia disminuci&oacute;n del volumen total de sangre que circula en el organismo), acidosis metab&oacute;lica, hiponatremia (niveles bajos sodio) e hipocloremia (deficiencia del cloro en el l&iacute;quido extracelular).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#0000FF\">Mecanismos de la diarrea<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Hipermotilidad del intestino<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Permeabilidad aumentada del intestino<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Hipersecreci&oacute;n intestinal<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Mala absorci&oacute;n intestinal<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"Causas infecciosas de la diarrea en becerros (Daugschies, 2005).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art44-diarrea-becerros\/infecciosas.jpg\" style=\"height:392px; width:611px\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204); width:589px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 1. Factores etiol&oacute;gicos potenciales de diarrea en becerros (Olgu&iacute;n, 2003).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Factor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000\">Descripci&oacute;n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Bacterias<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><em>E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens<\/em> tipo C<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Protozoarios<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Coccidia, <em>Eimeria surni, E. bovis<\/em> y <em>Cryptosporidia<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Hongos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><em>Candida albicans<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Virus<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Parvovirus, Diarrea Viral Bovina, Rinotraque&iacute;tis Infecciosa Bovina<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:141px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Dietarias<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:447px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Sobrealimentaci&oacute;n, administraci&oacute;n de substitutos de leche con prote&iacute;na poco digestible para el becerro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Deshidrataci&oacute;n <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La deshidrataci&oacute;n juega un papel muy importante ya que sin importar el agente etiol&oacute;gico, la diarrea y el desbalance electrol&iacute;tico son las principales causas de muerte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Un becerro sano presenta un estado de balance fisiol&oacute;gico con respecto al agua y electr&oacute;litos, perdiendo algo en las heces, orina y otras secreciones para balancear lo ingerido en la dieta. En un becerro con diarrea, el agua perdida en las heces es mucho mayor. Los signos de deshidrataci&oacute;n se muestran en el Cuadro 2.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Tratamiento y prevenci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El tratamiento se basa en terapia de l&iacute;quidos por las consecuencias que puede tener la deshidrataci&oacute;n as&iacute; como el uso de antibioterapia una vez que sea conocido el agente etiol&oacute;gico. Se deben identificar los factores relacionados con el manejo, nutrici&oacute;n e higiene para minimizar la presencia de agentes etiol&oacute;gicos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La clave es mantener un buen nivel nutricional, adecuado consumo de calostro y aumentar la resistencia de los neonatos mediante la vacunaci&oacute;n de las hembras gestantes de 30 a 60 d&iacute;as antes del parto para incrementar la concentraci&oacute;n de anticuerpos en el calostro contra pat&oacute;genos ent&eacute;ricos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\">&nbsp;\r\n<table align=\"right\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 102, 204)\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><strong>&nbsp;<span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Cuadro 2. Signos de deshidrataci&oacute;n (Olgu&iacute;n, 2003).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Signos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Porcentaje de deshidrataci&oacute;n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Inaparente<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&lt;5 %<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Ojos hundidos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">6-7 %<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Depresi&oacute;n, membranas mucosas secas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">8-10%<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Postraci&oacute;n, extremidades fr&iacute;as, pulso d&eacute;bil<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">11-12%<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:294px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Signos nerviosos, muerte<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:121px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">&gt;12%<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2020. Diarrea en becerros. Ganader&iacute;a. Serie Ganader&iacute;a, N&uacute;m. 44. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Bovine Veterinary Forum. Focus: Calf Immunology. Bovine Veterinary Forum. 9, 1: 1994.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Daugschies; Najdrowski, M. 2005. Eimeriosis in Cattle: Current Understanding. J. Vet. Med. 52: 417&ndash;427.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Godden, S. 2007. Colostrum management for dairy calves. Proceedings from the conference Calf Management Steinkjer, Norway. Pp7-14.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Olgu&iacute;n y Bernal Arturo. 2003. S&iacute;ndrome diarreico neonatal. Cl&iacute;nica de Bovinos. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. UNAM.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"El suministro de electrolitos y terapia de líquidos es importante para un tratamiento exitoso de la diarrea (Del Cura, 2009).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art44-diarrea-becerros\/suministro-de-electrolitos.jpg\" style=\"height:358px; width:447px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); border-color:rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 3. El suministro de electrolitos y terapia de l&iacute;quidos es importante para un tratamiento exitoso de la diarrea (Del Cura, 2009).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2020-05-05 09:05:00","updated":"2020-05-05 10:39:31","published":"2020-04-25 16:59:46","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/ganaderia"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"diarrea-en-becerros","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"diarrea-en-becerros","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}