{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":760,"views":149911,"title":"Aparato Respiratorio en Bovinos","fb_title":"","link":"aparato-respiratorio-en-bovinos","desc":"La respiración normal en cuanto a la Frecuencia, Ritmo, Intensidad y Tipo se denomina eupnea, mientras que las enfermedades respiratorias que cursan con la alteración de estos cuatro parámetros se denominan dificultades respiratorias o disneas.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/Respiratorio.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":18,"related":"","keywords":"respiración bovinos, auscultación bovinos, pulmones bovinos, exploración aparato respiratorio vacas","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Ganaderia\/94. Aparato Respiratorio en Bovinos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI <\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-9\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El sistema respiratorio consta de dos &oacute;rganos centrales, los pulmones, en los cuales se produce el intercambio gaseoso entre la sangre y el aire.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las otras partes del sistema son v&iacute;as por donde circula el aire inspirado y espirado:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cavidad Nasal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Faringe<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Laringe<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tr&aacute;quea<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Bronquios<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Exploraci&oacute;n f&iacute;sica en aparato respiratorio<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Importancia:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Su importancia radica en que &eacute;sta exploraci&oacute;n nos permite distinguir entre procesos primarios de sistema respiratorio y procesos secundarios; adem&aacute;s que en el ejercicio de la medicina veterinaria son las afecciones de sistema respiratorio junto con las de digestivo y reproductor las de mayor incidencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\"><img alt=\"Ubicación del pulmón en bovino (Ramírez, 2004).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/pulmon.jpg\" style=\"height:330px; width:416px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(102, 153, 204); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Ubicaci&oacute;n del pulm&oacute;n en bovino (Ram&iacute;rez, 2004).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 153, 204); height:13px; width:387px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>&nbsp;Cuadro 1. V&iacute;as respiratorias en bovinos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:189px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>V&iacute;as altas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:198px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>V&iacute;as bajas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:189px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cavidad nasal<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Nasofaringe<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Laringe<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tr&aacute;quea<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:198px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Bronquios<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pulmones<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pleura<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Espacio pleural<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Diafragma<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pared Tor&aacute;cica<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Frecuencia<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ritmo<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tipo<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Profundidad<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Simetr&iacute;a de los movimientos de la pared tor&aacute;cica<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Disnea: Disnea inspiratoria\/Disnea espiratoria<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-9\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>T&eacute;cnicas de exploraci&oacute;n aplicadas:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>T&eacute;cnicas generales <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Auscultaci&oacute;n indirecta<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Inspecci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Palpaci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Percusi&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Olfaci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>T&eacute;cnicas especiales <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ecograf&iacute;a<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Radiolog&iacute;a<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Gasometr&iacute;a<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Trepanaci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Endoscopia<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Necropsia<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Toracocentesis<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cultivo microbiol&oacute;gico<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Patrones an&oacute;malos <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida y profunda<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n lenta y profunda<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida y superficial<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n lenta y superficial<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n de Cheyne-Stokes<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\"><img alt=\"Pulmón bovino (Popesko, sf).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/pulmon-bovino.jpg\" style=\"height:533px; width:367px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(102, 153, 204); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 2. Pulm&oacute;n bovino (Popesko, sf).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 153, 204); height:20px; width:520px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>&nbsp;Cuadro 2. Ruidos respiratorios an&oacute;malos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:264px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Tos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:255px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Estornudo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:45px; width:264px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Reflejo que se inicia con la estimulaci&oacute;n irritante de fibras nerviosas sensoriales del sistema respiratorio<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Productiva<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">No productiva<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:45px; width:255px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Exhalaci&oacute;n forzada de aire, medida por un reflejo central que intenta limpiar la nasofaringe y que se inicia por estimulo de la mucosa nasal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Área de proyección preescapular en bovino  (Gómez, 2013).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/proyeccion.jpg\" style=\"height:330px; width:475px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(102, 153, 204); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 3. &Aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n preescapular en bovino&nbsp; (G&oacute;mez, 2013).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Tipos respiratorios.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">1. Tipo respiratorio <strong>costo-abdominal o mixto<\/strong>, en la que interviene, pr&aacute;cticamente a partes iguales, la caja tor&aacute;cica y la prensa abdominal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">2. Tipo respiratorio <strong>predominantemente abdominal<\/strong>. Es aqu&eacute;lla en la que predomina el movimiento de los m&uacute;sculos abdominales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">3. Tipo respiratorio <strong>predominantemente tor&aacute;cico o costal.<\/strong> Es la que presentan los carn&iacute;voros y en ella predomina el componente costal sobre el abdominal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Exploraci&oacute;n de pulmones<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Estos se exploran a trav&eacute;s de los espacios intercostales por medio de la auscultaci&oacute;n indirecta, percusi&oacute;n y palpaci&oacute;n. Para realizar esta exploraci&oacute;n es necesario delimitar el &aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n pulmonar, conocida como campos pulmonares:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&Aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n preescapular<\/strong> (Campo pulmonar preescapular), que se encuentra craneal a la musculatura del hombro.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">b. <strong>&Aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n posescapular<\/strong> (campo pulmonar posescapular) que es la de mayor importancia para la exploraci&oacute;n de este &oacute;rgano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2021. 94. Aparato Respiratorio en Bovinos. N&uacute;m. 94. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Blanco, F. 2016. Manual de Semiolog&iacute;a Veterinaria FCV &ndash; UBA. TOMO 1. Facultad de ciencias veterinarias. Universidad de Buenos Aires.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Defarges, Alice. 2015. The Physical Examination. Ontario Veterinary College.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Gonz&aacute;lez PM. Manual de Proped&eacute;utica Cl&iacute;nica Bovina. 1&ordf; ed. M&eacute;xico (DF): Editorial Limusa, 1986.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Jackson Peter., Cockcroft Peter.2007. Clinical Examination of Farm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Radostis. O M; Mayhew. I.G; Houston. D. Cap&iacute;tulo XVI. Examen y Diagn&oacute;stico Cl&iacute;nico en Veterinaria. 2001. Editorial Harcourt.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rosenberger .G. Exploraci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica en los Bovinos. Editorial Hemisferio Sur.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Área de proyección posescapular en bovino (Gómez, 2013).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/area-de-proyeccion.jpg\" style=\"height:295px; width:528px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(102, 153, 204); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 4. &Aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n posescapular en bovino&nbsp; (G&oacute;mez, 2013).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2021-09-17 15:40:25","updated":"2021-09-21 20:20:42","published":"2021-09-21 20:20:42","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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Aparato Respiratorio en Bovinos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI <\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-9\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El sistema respiratorio consta de dos &oacute;rganos centrales, los pulmones, en los cuales se produce el intercambio gaseoso entre la sangre y el aire.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las otras partes del sistema son v&iacute;as por donde circula el aire inspirado y espirado:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cavidad Nasal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Faringe<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Laringe<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tr&aacute;quea<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Bronquios<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Exploraci&oacute;n f&iacute;sica en aparato respiratorio<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Importancia:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Su importancia radica en que &eacute;sta exploraci&oacute;n nos permite distinguir entre procesos primarios de sistema respiratorio y procesos secundarios; adem&aacute;s que en el ejercicio de la medicina veterinaria son las afecciones de sistema respiratorio junto con las de digestivo y reproductor las de mayor incidencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\"><img alt=\"Ubicación del pulmón en bovino (Ramírez, 2004).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/pulmon.jpg\" style=\"height:330px; width:416px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(102, 153, 204); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1. Ubicaci&oacute;n del pulm&oacute;n en bovino (Ram&iacute;rez, 2004).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 153, 204); height:13px; width:387px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>&nbsp;Cuadro 1. V&iacute;as respiratorias en bovinos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:189px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>V&iacute;as altas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:198px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>V&iacute;as bajas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:189px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cavidad nasal<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Nasofaringe<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Laringe<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tr&aacute;quea<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:198px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Bronquios<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pulmones<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pleura<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Espacio pleural<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Diafragma<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pared Tor&aacute;cica<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Frecuencia<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ritmo<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tipo<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Profundidad<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Simetr&iacute;a de los movimientos de la pared tor&aacute;cica<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Disnea: Disnea inspiratoria\/Disnea espiratoria<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-9\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>T&eacute;cnicas de exploraci&oacute;n aplicadas:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>T&eacute;cnicas generales <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Auscultaci&oacute;n indirecta<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Inspecci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Palpaci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Percusi&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Olfaci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>T&eacute;cnicas especiales <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ecograf&iacute;a<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Radiolog&iacute;a<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Gasometr&iacute;a<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Trepanaci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Endoscopia<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Necropsia<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Toracocentesis<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cultivo microbiol&oacute;gico<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><strong>Patrones an&oacute;malos <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida y profunda<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n lenta y profunda<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida y superficial<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n lenta y superficial<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Respiraci&oacute;n de Cheyne-Stokes<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\"><img alt=\"Pulmón bovino (Popesko, sf).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/pulmon-bovino.jpg\" style=\"height:533px; width:367px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(102, 153, 204); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 2. Pulm&oacute;n bovino (Popesko, sf).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(0, 153, 204); height:20px; width:520px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>&nbsp;Cuadro 2. Ruidos respiratorios an&oacute;malos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:264px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Tos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:17px; width:255px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Estornudo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:45px; width:264px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Reflejo que se inicia con la estimulaci&oacute;n irritante de fibras nerviosas sensoriales del sistema respiratorio<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Productiva<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">No productiva<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:45px; width:255px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Exhalaci&oacute;n forzada de aire, medida por un reflejo central que intenta limpiar la nasofaringe y que se inicia por estimulo de la mucosa nasal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Área de proyección preescapular en bovino  (Gómez, 2013).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/proyeccion.jpg\" style=\"height:330px; width:475px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(102, 153, 204); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 3. &Aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n preescapular en bovino&nbsp; (G&oacute;mez, 2013).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Tipos respiratorios.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">1. Tipo respiratorio <strong>costo-abdominal o mixto<\/strong>, en la que interviene, pr&aacute;cticamente a partes iguales, la caja tor&aacute;cica y la prensa abdominal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">2. Tipo respiratorio <strong>predominantemente abdominal<\/strong>. Es aqu&eacute;lla en la que predomina el movimiento de los m&uacute;sculos abdominales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">3. Tipo respiratorio <strong>predominantemente tor&aacute;cico o costal.<\/strong> Es la que presentan los carn&iacute;voros y en ella predomina el componente costal sobre el abdominal.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Exploraci&oacute;n de pulmones<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000\">Estos se exploran a trav&eacute;s de los espacios intercostales por medio de la auscultaci&oacute;n indirecta, percusi&oacute;n y palpaci&oacute;n. Para realizar esta exploraci&oacute;n es necesario delimitar el &aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n pulmonar, conocida como campos pulmonares:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:lower-alpha\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>&Aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n preescapular<\/strong> (Campo pulmonar preescapular), que se encuentra craneal a la musculatura del hombro.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">b. <strong>&Aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n posescapular<\/strong> (campo pulmonar posescapular) que es la de mayor importancia para la exploraci&oacute;n de este &oacute;rgano.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2021. 94. Aparato Respiratorio en Bovinos. N&uacute;m. 94. Art&iacute;culos t&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Blanco, F. 2016. Manual de Semiolog&iacute;a Veterinaria FCV &ndash; UBA. TOMO 1. Facultad de ciencias veterinarias. Universidad de Buenos Aires.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Defarges, Alice. 2015. The Physical Examination. Ontario Veterinary College.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Gonz&aacute;lez PM. Manual de Proped&eacute;utica Cl&iacute;nica Bovina. 1&ordf; ed. M&eacute;xico (DF): Editorial Limusa, 1986.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Jackson Peter., Cockcroft Peter.2007. Clinical Examination of Farm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Radostis. O M; Mayhew. I.G; Houston. D. Cap&iacute;tulo XVI. Examen y Diagn&oacute;stico Cl&iacute;nico en Veterinaria. 2001. Editorial Harcourt.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rosenberger .G. Exploraci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica en los Bovinos. Editorial Hemisferio Sur.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Área de proyección posescapular en bovino (Gómez, 2013).\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/ganaderia\/art94-pulmones\/area-de-proyeccion.jpg\" style=\"height:295px; width:528px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(102, 153, 204); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 4. &Aacute;rea de proyecci&oacute;n posescapular en bovino&nbsp; (G&oacute;mez, 2013).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2021-09-17 15:40:25","updated":"2021-09-21 20:20:42","published":"2021-09-21 20:20:42","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/ganaderia"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"aparato-respiratorio-en-bovinos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"ganaderia","article":"aparato-respiratorio-en-bovinos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}