{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":336,"views":188928,"title":"Riego por Goteo para el Cultivo de Cítricos","fb_title":"","link":"riego-por-goteo-para-el-cultivo-de-citricos","desc":"Los cítricos son plantas perennes que requieren cantidades considerables de agua que le permitan llevar a cabo sus funciones fisiológicas adecuadamente. Cuando la humedad del suelo es insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades hídricas de los árboles, es necesario suministrar cantidades adicionales de agua por medio de técnicas de riego. Hoy en día el uso del riego por goteo en los cítricos ha comenzado a tomar gran impulso por su alta eficiencia, además de que permite una inyección rápida, eficiente y uniforme de fertilizantes y agroquímicos mediante la técnica de la fertirrigación y quimigación, respectivamente.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Frutales-tropi\/art343-riego-citricos\/Riego%20por%20goteo%20en%20citricos.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":11,"related":",7,","keywords":"Cítricos,Riego,Goteo,Fertirrigación,Quimigación,Nutrición,Estrés,Agua,Producción,Calidad,Humedad,Clima,Evapotranspiración,Suelo,Goteros","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Frutales\/14. Riego por Goteo para el  Cultivo de Citricos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los c&iacute;tricos son plantas perennes que requieren cantidades considerables de agua que le permitan llevar a cabo sus funciones fisiol&oacute;gicas adecuadamente. Un estr&eacute;s h&iacute;drico de los &aacute;rboles afecta negativamente el crecimiento vegetativo, la producci&oacute;n y la calidad de los c&iacute;tricos. En este sentido, cuando la humedad del suelo es insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades h&iacute;dricas de los &aacute;rboles, es necesario suministrar cantidades adicionales de agua por medio de t&eacute;cnicas de riego. La t&eacute;cnica m&aacute;s eficiente de riego es el goteo, cuya eficiencia se debe a que suministra agua gota a gota de manera constante y peri&oacute;dica. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Requerimientos h&iacute;dricos y estr&eacute;s en c&iacute;tricos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El requerimiento de agua de los c&iacute;tricos est&aacute; influenciado por las condiciones clim&aacute;ticas (temperatura, humedad, radiaci&oacute;n y velocidad del viento) y caracter&iacute;sticas de la planta (&aacute;rea foliar, caracter&iacute;sticas aerodin&aacute;micas y regulaci&oacute;n estom&aacute;tica de las hojas). Generalmente las necesidades h&iacute;dricas de los cultivos son estimadas a partir de la suma de la evaporaci&oacute;n del suelo y la transpiraci&oacute;n de la planta, proceso conocido como evapotranspiraci&oacute;n.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" riego por goteo citricos \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Frutales-tropi\/art343-riego-citricos\/riego-por-goteo.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000080; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 1. Riego por goteo en cítricos, la manera más eficiente de suministrar agua a los árboles.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Cortesía de Citrofrut, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Riego por goteo con 2 lineas \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Frutales-tropi\/art343-riego-citricos\/Riego%20por%20goteo%20con%20dos%20lineas.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000080\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 2. Riego por goteo con dos líneas por hilera de árboles de cítricos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Enciso et al., s.f..<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los c&iacute;tricos absorben de 889 mm a 1219 mm de agua por a&ntilde;o, y el agua es indispensable para el crecimiento y desarrollo del &aacute;rbol, ya que interviene en todos los procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos del vegetal. La falta del vital l&iacute;quido afecta negativamente funciones fisiol&oacute;gicas como: fotos&iacute;ntesis, respiraci&oacute;n, reacciones metab&oacute;licas, absorci&oacute;n de nutrientes, transporte de asimilados, entre otras. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Como respuesta al estr&eacute;s h&iacute;drico se detiene el desarrollo de la planta, las hojas se marchitan y pueden ser afectados distintos procesos como la floraci&oacute;n y la fecundaci&oacute;n, llegando a producir aborto floral y abscisi&oacute;n del fruto. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Mantener una humedad adecuada y constante en el suelo durante el ciclo del cultivo, acompa&ntilde;ado de un buen programa de nutrici&oacute;n, garantiza una producci&oacute;n alta y de calidad, incluso en las regiones subtropicales donde existen altas precipitaciones.  <\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n <p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>El riego por goteo en c&iacute;tricos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En la actualidad, el sistema m&aacute;s eficiente de riego es el goteo, por lo que su uso se ha extendido ampliamente a diferentes cultivos, incluyendo los frutales. El ahorro de agua es significativo, ya que solo se humedece alrededor de 33 a 50 % de la superficie de la parcela, es decir, solo en hileras donde se encuentran establecidas las plantas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Hoy en d&iacute;a el uso de esta t&eacute;cnica de riego en los c&iacute;tricos ha comenzado a tomar gran impulso por su alta eficiencia, adem&aacute;s de que permite una inyecci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida, eficiente y uniforme de fertilizantes y agroqu&iacute;micos mediante la t&eacute;cnica de la fertirrigaci&oacute;n y quimigaci&oacute;n, respectivamente.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El riego por goteo es una t&eacute;cnica que consiste en colocar l&iacute;neas regantes paralelamente a las hileras de los &aacute;rboles, empleando goteros autocompensantes con gastos de 4 a 8 litros por hora. En huertas j&oacute;venes se puede colocar una sola l&iacute;nea de riego por hilera, sin embargo, en huertas con &aacute;rboles adultos se requieren de dos l&iacute;neas de riego por hilera de cultivo, debido a que la demanda h&iacute;drica es mayor.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Otra estrategia es colocar una l&iacute;nea de distribuci&oacute;n de agua por hilera, insertando una l&iacute;nea regante en la manguera de distribuci&oacute;n y rodeando el &aacute;rbol, es decir, un riego sectorizado por &aacute;rbol (Figura 3). Este tipo de dise&ntilde;o se conoce como disposici&oacute;n en anillos, donde los goteros van instalados en aros formados con mangueras que se insertan en la l&iacute;nea lateral o de distribuci&oacute;n <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los goteros generalmente se espacian cada 90 cm con un gasto aproximado de 4 litros por hora. En suelos arcillosos se recomiendan de 4 a 6 goteros, mientras que en suelos arenosos o pedregosos de 6 a 8 goteros. El sistema de riego por goteo requiere de sistema de filtraci&oacute;n para evitar que los goteros se tapen. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Riego Sectorizado \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Frutales-tropi\/art343-riego-citricos\/riego%20por%20goteo%20sectorizado.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000080; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 3. Riego por goteo sectorizado por árbol con gotero autocompensante.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Scott Robinson\/SWCA.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Aspectos pr&aacute;cticos del riego por goteo en los c&iacute;tricos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Uno de los aspectos que determina el &eacute;xito de los sistemas de riego es la calidad del agua. Tener los par&aacute;metros qu&iacute;micos del agua permitir&aacute; tomar acciones preventivas que evitaran problemas posteriores en el sistema de riego y en el cultivo.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Otro elemento a considerar para el riego por goteo en c&iacute;tricos son las caracter&iacute;sticas f&iacute;sicas del suelo, principalmente la textura. Determinar par&aacute;metros f&iacute;sicos como la capacidad de campo (CC) y el punto de marchitez permanente (PMP), permitir&aacute; tomar decisiones acertadas en la programaci&oacute;n del riego.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Los sistemas de riego por goteo requieren de dispositivos de filtraci&oacute;n adecuados, adem&aacute;s de un programa de mantenimiento peri&oacute;dico.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">En los c&iacute;tricos el agua debe humedecer una profundidad aproximada de 100 cm, abarcando la mayor&iacute;a de la zona de ra&iacute;ces posible. Esta l&aacute;mina depender&aacute; de la textura del suelo y los intervalos de riego.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Los sistemas de riego por goteo para c&iacute;tricos deben ser dise&ntilde;ados de tal forma que permita en el futuro agregar l&iacute;neas adicionales o ampliar los puntos de goteo a medida que crecen las plantas, para estimular el desarrollo radicular y suministrar agua cuando la demanda aumente.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">En el mercado existen equipos o instrumentos que permiten medir y monitorear el contenido del agua del suelo, como los tensi&oacute;metros, que permiten tomar decisiones de cu&aacute;ndo y cu&aacute;nto regar, o simplemente para comprobar si la programaci&oacute;n del riego fue correcta. En el caso de los tensi&oacute;metros, deben ser instalados en la zona del bulbo de humedad, cercana a la l&iacute;nea regante.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">En las especies frutales, el periodo fenol&oacute;gico m&aacute;s cr&iacute;tico es el de floraci&oacute;n y el cuajado de frutos. En estas etapas un estr&eacute;s h&iacute;drico puede afectar gravemente el rendimiento del cultivo.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Literatura consultada: <\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Cadah&iacute;a, L. C. 2005. Fertirrigaci&oacute;n en C&iacute;tricos en: Fertirrigaci&oacute;n, Cultivos Hort&iacute;colas, Frutales y Ornamentales. Ed. Mundi-Prensa. Espa&ntilde;a. pp. 645 &ndash; 681.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Enciso, M. J.; Sauls, J.W.; Wiendenfeld, R. P.; Nelson, S. D. 2008. Los Impactos del Riego de C&iacute;tricos. AgriLIFE Extensi&oacute;n Service Fact Sheet B-6205S. Texas. 16 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Ferreyra, E. R.; Sell&eacute;s, V. G. 2011. Algunas Consideraciones para el Manejo de Riego en C&iacute;tricos. Tierra Adentro. N&deg; 94, 66-74.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">S&aacute;nchez, D. M. 2012. Asistencia T&eacute;cnica&nbsp; Dirigida en Riego Tecnificado en el Cultivo de C&iacute;tricos. Gu&iacute;a T&eacute;cnica. Agrobanco. Per&uacute;. 32 P.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">V&eacute;lez, E. J.; &Aacute;lvarez, H. J. G.; Alvarado, S. O. H. 2012. El Estr&eacute;s H&iacute;drico en C&iacute;tricos (<em>Citrus <\/em>spp.): Una revisi&oacute;n. Orinoquia. 16(2), pp. 32-39.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"curso de produccion de citricos\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/slider\/slider-citricos.jpg\" style=\"height:260px; width:850px\" \/><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-11-02 13:23:54","updated":"2017-09-11 13:30:13","published":"2016-11-02 13:29:23","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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Cuando la humedad del suelo es insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades hídricas de los árboles, es necesario suministrar cantidades adicionales de agua por medio de técnicas de riego. Hoy en día el uso del riego por goteo en los cítricos ha comenzado a tomar gran impulso por su alta eficiencia, además de que permite una inyección rápida, eficiente y uniforme de fertilizantes y agroquímicos mediante la técnica de la fertirrigación y quimigación, respectivamente.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Frutales-tropi\/art343-riego-citricos\/Riego%20por%20goteo%20en%20citricos.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":11,"related":",7,","keywords":"Cítricos,Riego,Goteo,Fertirrigación,Quimigación,Nutrición,Estrés,Agua,Producción,Calidad,Humedad,Clima,Evapotranspiración,Suelo,Goteros","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Frutales\/14. Riego por Goteo para el  Cultivo de Citricos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los c&iacute;tricos son plantas perennes que requieren cantidades considerables de agua que le permitan llevar a cabo sus funciones fisiol&oacute;gicas adecuadamente. Un estr&eacute;s h&iacute;drico de los &aacute;rboles afecta negativamente el crecimiento vegetativo, la producci&oacute;n y la calidad de los c&iacute;tricos. En este sentido, cuando la humedad del suelo es insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades h&iacute;dricas de los &aacute;rboles, es necesario suministrar cantidades adicionales de agua por medio de t&eacute;cnicas de riego. La t&eacute;cnica m&aacute;s eficiente de riego es el goteo, cuya eficiencia se debe a que suministra agua gota a gota de manera constante y peri&oacute;dica. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Requerimientos h&iacute;dricos y estr&eacute;s en c&iacute;tricos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El requerimiento de agua de los c&iacute;tricos est&aacute; influenciado por las condiciones clim&aacute;ticas (temperatura, humedad, radiaci&oacute;n y velocidad del viento) y caracter&iacute;sticas de la planta (&aacute;rea foliar, caracter&iacute;sticas aerodin&aacute;micas y regulaci&oacute;n estom&aacute;tica de las hojas). Generalmente las necesidades h&iacute;dricas de los cultivos son estimadas a partir de la suma de la evaporaci&oacute;n del suelo y la transpiraci&oacute;n de la planta, proceso conocido como evapotranspiraci&oacute;n.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" riego por goteo citricos \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Frutales-tropi\/art343-riego-citricos\/riego-por-goteo.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000080; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 1. Riego por goteo en cítricos, la manera más eficiente de suministrar agua a los árboles.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Cortesía de Citrofrut, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Riego por goteo con 2 lineas \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Frutales-tropi\/art343-riego-citricos\/Riego%20por%20goteo%20con%20dos%20lineas.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000080\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 2. Riego por goteo con dos líneas por hilera de árboles de cítricos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Enciso et al., s.f..<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los c&iacute;tricos absorben de 889 mm a 1219 mm de agua por a&ntilde;o, y el agua es indispensable para el crecimiento y desarrollo del &aacute;rbol, ya que interviene en todos los procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos del vegetal. La falta del vital l&iacute;quido afecta negativamente funciones fisiol&oacute;gicas como: fotos&iacute;ntesis, respiraci&oacute;n, reacciones metab&oacute;licas, absorci&oacute;n de nutrientes, transporte de asimilados, entre otras. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Como respuesta al estr&eacute;s h&iacute;drico se detiene el desarrollo de la planta, las hojas se marchitan y pueden ser afectados distintos procesos como la floraci&oacute;n y la fecundaci&oacute;n, llegando a producir aborto floral y abscisi&oacute;n del fruto. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Mantener una humedad adecuada y constante en el suelo durante el ciclo del cultivo, acompa&ntilde;ado de un buen programa de nutrici&oacute;n, garantiza una producci&oacute;n alta y de calidad, incluso en las regiones subtropicales donde existen altas precipitaciones.  <\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n <p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>El riego por goteo en c&iacute;tricos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En la actualidad, el sistema m&aacute;s eficiente de riego es el goteo, por lo que su uso se ha extendido ampliamente a diferentes cultivos, incluyendo los frutales. El ahorro de agua es significativo, ya que solo se humedece alrededor de 33 a 50 % de la superficie de la parcela, es decir, solo en hileras donde se encuentran establecidas las plantas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Hoy en d&iacute;a el uso de esta t&eacute;cnica de riego en los c&iacute;tricos ha comenzado a tomar gran impulso por su alta eficiencia, adem&aacute;s de que permite una inyecci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida, eficiente y uniforme de fertilizantes y agroqu&iacute;micos mediante la t&eacute;cnica de la fertirrigaci&oacute;n y quimigaci&oacute;n, respectivamente.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El riego por goteo es una t&eacute;cnica que consiste en colocar l&iacute;neas regantes paralelamente a las hileras de los &aacute;rboles, empleando goteros autocompensantes con gastos de 4 a 8 litros por hora. En huertas j&oacute;venes se puede colocar una sola l&iacute;nea de riego por hilera, sin embargo, en huertas con &aacute;rboles adultos se requieren de dos l&iacute;neas de riego por hilera de cultivo, debido a que la demanda h&iacute;drica es mayor.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Otra estrategia es colocar una l&iacute;nea de distribuci&oacute;n de agua por hilera, insertando una l&iacute;nea regante en la manguera de distribuci&oacute;n y rodeando el &aacute;rbol, es decir, un riego sectorizado por &aacute;rbol (Figura 3). Este tipo de dise&ntilde;o se conoce como disposici&oacute;n en anillos, donde los goteros van instalados en aros formados con mangueras que se insertan en la l&iacute;nea lateral o de distribuci&oacute;n <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los goteros generalmente se espacian cada 90 cm con un gasto aproximado de 4 litros por hora. En suelos arcillosos se recomiendan de 4 a 6 goteros, mientras que en suelos arenosos o pedregosos de 6 a 8 goteros. El sistema de riego por goteo requiere de sistema de filtraci&oacute;n para evitar que los goteros se tapen. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Riego Sectorizado \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Frutales-tropi\/art343-riego-citricos\/riego%20por%20goteo%20sectorizado.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000080; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 3. Riego por goteo sectorizado por árbol con gotero autocompensante.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Scott Robinson\/SWCA.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000080\"><strong>Aspectos pr&aacute;cticos del riego por goteo en los c&iacute;tricos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Uno de los aspectos que determina el &eacute;xito de los sistemas de riego es la calidad del agua. Tener los par&aacute;metros qu&iacute;micos del agua permitir&aacute; tomar acciones preventivas que evitaran problemas posteriores en el sistema de riego y en el cultivo.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Otro elemento a considerar para el riego por goteo en c&iacute;tricos son las caracter&iacute;sticas f&iacute;sicas del suelo, principalmente la textura. Determinar par&aacute;metros f&iacute;sicos como la capacidad de campo (CC) y el punto de marchitez permanente (PMP), permitir&aacute; tomar decisiones acertadas en la programaci&oacute;n del riego.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Los sistemas de riego por goteo requieren de dispositivos de filtraci&oacute;n adecuados, adem&aacute;s de un programa de mantenimiento peri&oacute;dico.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">En los c&iacute;tricos el agua debe humedecer una profundidad aproximada de 100 cm, abarcando la mayor&iacute;a de la zona de ra&iacute;ces posible. Esta l&aacute;mina depender&aacute; de la textura del suelo y los intervalos de riego.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Los sistemas de riego por goteo para c&iacute;tricos deben ser dise&ntilde;ados de tal forma que permita en el futuro agregar l&iacute;neas adicionales o ampliar los puntos de goteo a medida que crecen las plantas, para estimular el desarrollo radicular y suministrar agua cuando la demanda aumente.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">En el mercado existen equipos o instrumentos que permiten medir y monitorear el contenido del agua del suelo, como los tensi&oacute;metros, que permiten tomar decisiones de cu&aacute;ndo y cu&aacute;nto regar, o simplemente para comprobar si la programaci&oacute;n del riego fue correcta. En el caso de los tensi&oacute;metros, deben ser instalados en la zona del bulbo de humedad, cercana a la l&iacute;nea regante.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">En las especies frutales, el periodo fenol&oacute;gico m&aacute;s cr&iacute;tico es el de floraci&oacute;n y el cuajado de frutos. En estas etapas un estr&eacute;s h&iacute;drico puede afectar gravemente el rendimiento del cultivo.<\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Literatura consultada: <\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Cadah&iacute;a, L. C. 2005. Fertirrigaci&oacute;n en C&iacute;tricos en: Fertirrigaci&oacute;n, Cultivos Hort&iacute;colas, Frutales y Ornamentales. Ed. Mundi-Prensa. Espa&ntilde;a. pp. 645 &ndash; 681.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Enciso, M. J.; Sauls, J.W.; Wiendenfeld, R. P.; Nelson, S. D. 2008. Los Impactos del Riego de C&iacute;tricos. AgriLIFE Extensi&oacute;n Service Fact Sheet B-6205S. Texas. 16 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Ferreyra, E. R.; Sell&eacute;s, V. G. 2011. Algunas Consideraciones para el Manejo de Riego en C&iacute;tricos. Tierra Adentro. N&deg; 94, 66-74.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">S&aacute;nchez, D. M. 2012. Asistencia T&eacute;cnica&nbsp; Dirigida en Riego Tecnificado en el Cultivo de C&iacute;tricos. Gu&iacute;a T&eacute;cnica. Agrobanco. Per&uacute;. 32 P.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">V&eacute;lez, E. J.; &Aacute;lvarez, H. J. G.; Alvarado, S. O. H. 2012. El Estr&eacute;s H&iacute;drico en C&iacute;tricos (<em>Citrus <\/em>spp.): Una revisi&oacute;n. Orinoquia. 16(2), pp. 32-39.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"curso de produccion de citricos\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/slider\/slider-citricos.jpg\" style=\"height:260px; width:850px\" \/><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-11-02 13:23:54","updated":"2017-09-11 13:30:13","published":"2016-11-02 13:29:23","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/frutales"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"frutales","article":"riego-por-goteo-para-el-cultivo-de-citricos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"frutales","article":"riego-por-goteo-para-el-cultivo-de-citricos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}