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Autor: M.C. Braulio Alberto Lemus Soriano<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez”<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Uruapan, Michoacán, México.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Los ácaros fitófagos que pertenecen a la familia Tetranychidae presentan una amplia distribución a nivel mundial y constituyen el grupo más numeroso del orden Acarina. Miembros de esta familia se caracterizan por poseer un cuerpo pequeño, globoso. La hembra es de forma redondeada y el macho, de menor tamaño, de forma alargada y de menor longitud, ambos con número y longitud de setas dorsales variable entre especies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

En México, y específicamente en la zona productora de aguacate de Michoacán, los ácaros tetraníquidos del género Oligonychus<\/em> son unos de los principales problemas fitosanitarios del cultivo (Figura 1).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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\"Ácaros\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 1. Ácaros del género Oligonychus<\/em>: A) O. punicae<\/em>, B) O. perseae<\/em>.         <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: GIIA, 2013.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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El ácaro café Oligonychus punicae<\/em> (Hirst) inicia su daño con puntos rojizos que se distribuyen e incrementan por toda la hoja hasta llegar a ocasionar un bronceado total (Figura 2). Cuando se descuidan las huertas, la plaga puede atacar retoños, flores, el envés de las hojas y frutos en formación; se le puede encontrar durante todo el año, pero con mayor incidencia en los meses secos y calurosos del año (febrero – mayo), se reduce drásticamente la población con la presencia de las lluvias a partir del mes de junio.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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\"Daños\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 2. Colonias y daño de O. punicae<\/em> en aguacate.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Braulio A. Lemus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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El ácaro cristalino Oligonychus perseae <\/em>(Tuttle, Baker y Abatiello) se hospeda en el haz de las hojas de cualquier edad, principalmente a lo largo de las nervaduras laterales de donde se alimenta succionando la savia; se protege con una seda y forma numerosas colonias que dan origen a puntos de tejido muerto obstruyendo así la fotosíntesis (Figura 3). Los daños se caracterizan porque las hojas presentan puntos de color verde claro, que se tornan amarillo rojizo y por ultimo café, oscuro. Los arboles de un huerto altamente infestado pueden presentar defoliación, debilitamiento general y, en consecuencia, tienden a ser raquíticos, con frutos poco desarrollados y escasos, se presenta todo el año, pero con mayor severidad en primavera y otoño; es favorecido por temperaturas altas y lluvia escasa, aunque a diferencia de O. punicae<\/em>, este acaro persiste en condiciones de lluvia moderada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El ciclo biológico de ambas especies consiste en cuatro estados de desarrollo: huevo, larva, ninfa (protoninfa y deutoninfa) y adulto. En el ácaro café, el ciclo completo de huevo a adulto es de 10 a 16 días; mientras que la araña cristalina dura 21 días aproximadamente.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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\"Ácaros\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 3. <\/strong>Colonias y daño de O. perseae<\/em> en aguacate.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Braulio A. Lemus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Muestreo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Para determinar los niveles de infestación se toman 10 hojas infestadas de diferentes árboles y se contabilizan los ácaros móviles del ácaro café en el haz y en el envés para el ácaro cristalino.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Métodos de control<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Control químico. <\/strong>Para el control de ácaros en aguacate se recomienda el uso de abamectina, lambda cyalotrina, fenproximate, spirodiclofen, aceite mineral ligero, azadiractina o azufre elemental a las dosis indicadas en la lista de plaguicidas autorizados.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Control cultural. <\/strong>Se recomienda podar (quemar las ramas y hojas dañadas). Si las ramas y hojas se dejan tiradas en el suelo los ácaros se dispersan a otros árboles. Limpiar herramientas y maquinaria que se use en un huerto infestado.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Control biológico. <\/strong>Los principales enemigos naturales de estas plagas son ácaros que pertenecen a la familia Phytoseiidae. Los cuales tienen una acción depredadora que puede reducir las poblaciones de ácaros fitófagos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Control biorracional. <\/strong>Varias formulaciones de extractos vegetales a base de neem, ajo, chile, canela pueden coadyuvar en el manejo de ácaros, debido a su efecto repelente y disuasivo de la alimentación.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Cita correcta de este artículo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Lemus, S. B. A. 2017. Manejo Integrado de Ácaros en Aguacate. Serie Frutales Núm. 30. Artículos Técnicos de INTAGRI. México. 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fuentes consultadas: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Adame, E.L. 2001. Entomofauna nociva al cultivo del aguacatero en el Estado de Michoacán. pp. 11-19. En: Bolaños, E.A., Osada, V.H.K. y C. Mendoza Z. (Eds.). Memorias del XXVII Simposio Nacional de Parasitología Agrícola. 26 al 28 de septiembre del 2001. Uruapan, Michoacán. México.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Arias, Z.M. 1990. Ácaros plaga del aguacate. pp. 160-168. En: Ácaros fitófagos.  Biología y combate. Vera, J., Prado, E. y Lagunes, A. (Eds). Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Chapingo, México.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Equihua, M.A., Estrada V.E.G. y González, H.H. 2007. Plagas del aguacate. pp. 135-169. En: El aguacate y su manejo integrado. Téliz, D. (Coord.). Segunda edición. Ed. Mundiprensa. México, D.F.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Estrada, V.E.G. 2007. Ácaros asociados al cultivo del aguacate. pp. 153-161. En: El aguacate y su manejo integrado. Téliz y Mora (Eds). Editorial MundiPrensa. México, D.F.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

GIIIA (Grupo Interdisciplinario e Interinstitucional de Investigación en Aguacate): Bautista, N., Beltrán, H, Castañeda, A., Chávez, M., Equihua, A., Fierro, D., González, H., González, G., Lomelí, R., Marroquín, F., Michúa, J., Nava, C., Nieto, A., Ochoa, S., Ochoa, D., Rodríguez, E., Santillán, M.T., Saucedo, R., Soria, J., Téliz, D., Valdovinos, G. y Vallejo, M. 2013. El aguacate en Michoacán: Plagas y Enfermedades. APEAM-SENASICA, México. 56 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Mariano, S.M. y J.C. Gutiérrez M. 2014. Manejo biorracional de ácaros del aguacate Oligonychus punicae<\/em> y Oligonychus perseae<\/em> en Uruapan, Michoacán. Tesis de licenciatura. Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Uruapan, Michoacán, México. 71 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Peña, J. y Wysoki, M. 2008. Plagas del palto en México. pp. 303-309 En: Larral, P y Ripa, R. (Eds.) Manejo Integrado de Plagas en Paltos y Cítricos. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA. Colección Libros INIA. No. 23. Chile.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Sánchez, P. J. L., Alcántar, R. J. J., Coria, A. V. M, Anguiano, C. J., Vidales F. I., Tapia, V. L. M, Aguilera, M. J. L., Hernández, R. G. y Vidales, F. J. A. 2001. Tecnología para la producción de aguacate en México. INIFAP. Libro Técnico  No. 1. 208  p.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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El ácaro cristalino Oligonychus perseae se hospeda en el haz de las hojas de cualquier edad, principalmente a lo largo de las nervaduras laterales de donde se alimenta succionando la savia.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/frutales\/art422-acaros-en-aguacate\/Acaros%20en%20aguacate.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":11,"related":"","keywords":"Ácaros, Aguacate, Palto, Tetranychidae, Oligonychus","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Frutales\/30. Manejo Integrado de Acaros en Aguacate.pdf","text":"
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Autor: M.C. Braulio Alberto Lemus Soriano<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez”<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Uruapan, Michoacán, México.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Los ácaros fitófagos que pertenecen a la familia Tetranychidae presentan una amplia distribución a nivel mundial y constituyen el grupo más numeroso del orden Acarina. Miembros de esta familia se caracterizan por poseer un cuerpo pequeño, globoso. La hembra es de forma redondeada y el macho, de menor tamaño, de forma alargada y de menor longitud, ambos con número y longitud de setas dorsales variable entre especies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

En México, y específicamente en la zona productora de aguacate de Michoacán, los ácaros tetraníquidos del género Oligonychus<\/em> son unos de los principales problemas fitosanitarios del cultivo (Figura 1).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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\"Ácaros\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 1. Ácaros del género Oligonychus<\/em>: A) O. punicae<\/em>, B) O. perseae<\/em>.         <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: GIIA, 2013.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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El ácaro café Oligonychus punicae<\/em> (Hirst) inicia su daño con puntos rojizos que se distribuyen e incrementan por toda la hoja hasta llegar a ocasionar un bronceado total (Figura 2). Cuando se descuidan las huertas, la plaga puede atacar retoños, flores, el envés de las hojas y frutos en formación; se le puede encontrar durante todo el año, pero con mayor incidencia en los meses secos y calurosos del año (febrero – mayo), se reduce drásticamente la población con la presencia de las lluvias a partir del mes de junio.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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\"Daños\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 2. Colonias y daño de O. punicae<\/em> en aguacate.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Braulio A. Lemus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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El ácaro cristalino Oligonychus perseae <\/em>(Tuttle, Baker y Abatiello) se hospeda en el haz de las hojas de cualquier edad, principalmente a lo largo de las nervaduras laterales de donde se alimenta succionando la savia; se protege con una seda y forma numerosas colonias que dan origen a puntos de tejido muerto obstruyendo así la fotosíntesis (Figura 3). Los daños se caracterizan porque las hojas presentan puntos de color verde claro, que se tornan amarillo rojizo y por ultimo café, oscuro. Los arboles de un huerto altamente infestado pueden presentar defoliación, debilitamiento general y, en consecuencia, tienden a ser raquíticos, con frutos poco desarrollados y escasos, se presenta todo el año, pero con mayor severidad en primavera y otoño; es favorecido por temperaturas altas y lluvia escasa, aunque a diferencia de O. punicae<\/em>, este acaro persiste en condiciones de lluvia moderada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El ciclo biológico de ambas especies consiste en cuatro estados de desarrollo: huevo, larva, ninfa (protoninfa y deutoninfa) y adulto. En el ácaro café, el ciclo completo de huevo a adulto es de 10 a 16 días; mientras que la araña cristalina dura 21 días aproximadamente.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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\"Ácaros\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 3. <\/strong>Colonias y daño de O. perseae<\/em> en aguacate.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Braulio A. Lemus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Muestreo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Para determinar los niveles de infestación se toman 10 hojas infestadas de diferentes árboles y se contabilizan los ácaros móviles del ácaro café en el haz y en el envés para el ácaro cristalino.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Métodos de control<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Control químico. <\/strong>Para el control de ácaros en aguacate se recomienda el uso de abamectina, lambda cyalotrina, fenproximate, spirodiclofen, aceite mineral ligero, azadiractina o azufre elemental a las dosis indicadas en la lista de plaguicidas autorizados.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Control cultural. <\/strong>Se recomienda podar (quemar las ramas y hojas dañadas). Si las ramas y hojas se dejan tiradas en el suelo los ácaros se dispersan a otros árboles. Limpiar herramientas y maquinaria que se use en un huerto infestado.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Control biológico. <\/strong>Los principales enemigos naturales de estas plagas son ácaros que pertenecen a la familia Phytoseiidae. Los cuales tienen una acción depredadora que puede reducir las poblaciones de ácaros fitófagos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Control biorracional. <\/strong>Varias formulaciones de extractos vegetales a base de neem, ajo, chile, canela pueden coadyuvar en el manejo de ácaros, debido a su efecto repelente y disuasivo de la alimentación.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Cita correcta de este artículo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Lemus, S. B. A. 2017. Manejo Integrado de Ácaros en Aguacate. Serie Frutales Núm. 30. Artículos Técnicos de INTAGRI. México. 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fuentes consultadas: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Adame, E.L. 2001. Entomofauna nociva al cultivo del aguacatero en el Estado de Michoacán. pp. 11-19. En: Bolaños, E.A., Osada, V.H.K. y C. Mendoza Z. (Eds.). Memorias del XXVII Simposio Nacional de Parasitología Agrícola. 26 al 28 de septiembre del 2001. Uruapan, Michoacán. México.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Arias, Z.M. 1990. Ácaros plaga del aguacate. pp. 160-168. En: Ácaros fitófagos.  Biología y combate. Vera, J., Prado, E. y Lagunes, A. (Eds). Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Chapingo, México.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Equihua, M.A., Estrada V.E.G. y González, H.H. 2007. Plagas del aguacate. pp. 135-169. En: El aguacate y su manejo integrado. Téliz, D. (Coord.). Segunda edición. Ed. Mundiprensa. México, D.F.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Estrada, V.E.G. 2007. Ácaros asociados al cultivo del aguacate. pp. 153-161. En: El aguacate y su manejo integrado. Téliz y Mora (Eds). Editorial MundiPrensa. México, D.F.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

GIIIA (Grupo Interdisciplinario e Interinstitucional de Investigación en Aguacate): Bautista, N., Beltrán, H, Castañeda, A., Chávez, M., Equihua, A., Fierro, D., González, H., González, G., Lomelí, R., Marroquín, F., Michúa, J., Nava, C., Nieto, A., Ochoa, S., Ochoa, D., Rodríguez, E., Santillán, M.T., Saucedo, R., Soria, J., Téliz, D., Valdovinos, G. y Vallejo, M. 2013. El aguacate en Michoacán: Plagas y Enfermedades. APEAM-SENASICA, México. 56 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Mariano, S.M. y J.C. Gutiérrez M. 2014. Manejo biorracional de ácaros del aguacate Oligonychus punicae<\/em> y Oligonychus perseae<\/em> en Uruapan, Michoacán. Tesis de licenciatura. Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Uruapan, Michoacán, México. 71 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Peña, J. y Wysoki, M. 2008. Plagas del palto en México. pp. 303-309 En: Larral, P y Ripa, R. (Eds.) Manejo Integrado de Plagas en Paltos y Cítricos. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA. Colección Libros INIA. No. 23. Chile.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Sánchez, P. J. L., Alcántar, R. J. J., Coria, A. V. M, Anguiano, C. J., Vidales F. I., Tapia, V. L. M, Aguilera, M. J. L., Hernández, R. G. y Vidales, F. J. A. 2001. Tecnología para la producción de aguacate en México. INIFAP. Libro Técnico  No. 1. 208  p.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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