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Introducción <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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México se encuentra entre los primeros cinco países productores de cítricos en el mundo, con una superficie cultivada cercana a las 550 mil hectáreas. La citricultura en México la conforman los cultivos de limón, naranja, toronja, mandarina y lima. La naranja ocupa el primer lugar en el país con un 63 % de la superficie citrícola, le siguen el limón mexicano y el limón persa con un 23 %, mientras que el restante se distribuye entre la toronja, mandarina y lima.  Cabe destacar que el estado de Veracruz es el mayor productor de cítricos, con una producción anual superior a las 3.5 millones de toneladas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Importancia del potasio en cítricos<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Uno de los aspectos que más incide en el rendimiento de los cítricos es el manejo de la nutrición, especialmente cuando los árboles entran a la etapa de floración y fructificación. En cítricos, el potasio es el elemento extraído en mayor cantidad por la planta, después del nitrógeno. Cumple funciones fundamentales en la fisiología de los cítricos, tales como la regulación de la apertura estomática, activador enzimático, la multiplicación celular, síntesis y transporte de hidratos de carbono y la tolerancia ante situaciones de estrés.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 1. Principales cítricos: limón, naranja, toronja, mandarina.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

Diversas publicaciones indican los efectos positivos de la aplicación de potasio en cítricos, los cuales son especialmente relevantes en la calidad de los frutos. En general, un aumento en el nivel de K disponible para las plantas, determina un aumento en el tamaño del fruto, en el grosor de la cáscara, y en sabor y color.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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 <\/div>\r\n\r\n
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                                                                                                                                             Figura 2. Efecto del K sobre el tamaño de los frutos de cítricos.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

Por ejemplo, la extracción anual de K en el naranjo (Citrus sinensis<\/em> (L.) Osbeck) es del orden de 100 kg.<\/sup>ha-1<\/sup> para un rendimiento de 40 t.<\/sup>ha-1<\/sup>, donde los frutos concentran alrededor de 40 kg.<\/sup>ha-1 <\/sup>de K.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La calidad de fruta y el potasio<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Los factores internos que están considerados en la calidad de la fruta son: tamaño de la fruta (expresado como el diámetro de la fruta), grados Brix (contenido de sólidos solubles, principalmente sacarosa), y el espesor de la cáscara.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Otro factor que incide sobre la calidad de la fruta son las fisiopatías como el granulado, también conocido como slerocitosis. Bhargava et al<\/em>. (1993) mencionan que la aplicación foliar de potasio en mandarinas, reduce la incidencia de la fisiopatía en 74 a 50 %. Otra alteración fisiológica es el bufado, que se caracteriza por tener la corteza del fruto delgada y blanda, que se hunde al presionarla con los dedos. Algunos autores señalan que un bajo nivel de K en las hojas se relaciona con frutos de tamaño pequeño y cáscara delgada. La cáscara delgada predispone a la partidura del fruto, a una ruptura de la cáscara en la zona del pedicelo en la cosecha y al bufado.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

También es importante señalar que demasiado K puede incrementar el espesor de la cáscara, efecto no positivo en la calidad de la fruta. Los productores deben considerar todos los factores y encontrar un balance entre ellos, al determinar las dosis de fertilizante potásico a aplicar. Para ello se recomienda siempre partir de un análisis de suelo que indique el contenido disponible de potasio, para no sobredosificar.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 3. Respuesta de parámetros de producción y calidad de cítricos a la fertilización potásica de acuerdo a los niveles de K en la hoja. <\/strong><\/span>Flecha más gruesa = Efecto más pronunciado<\/strong><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

El potasio y el rendimiento<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

El K tiene efectos positivos sobre el rendimiento, que puede ser resultado de un mejor cuajado y un aumento en el tamaño de frutos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\"tabla\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Síntomas de deficiencia de K en cítricos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

La carencia de K reduce el tamaño de hojas nuevas, se presenta clorosis marginal en hojas viejas, donde aparecen también áreas necróticas y moteadas pardo-amarillentas. El fruto es pequeño, de cáscara delgada y baja acidez.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 4. Síntomas de deficiencia en hoja. Al ser un elemento muy móvil, se presenta en hojas viejas.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 5. El K favorece el llenado de frutos. Las deficiencias provocan frutos pequeños.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

Fertilización<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Un ejemplo de los requerimientos nutricionales, en este caso para la naranja, se muestra en el siguiente cuadro, donde se aprecia que junto al N, el K es de los nutrientes más importantes en la producción de cítricos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\"tabla<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n\t
  • Bhargava, B.S., H.P. Singh and K.L. Chadha. 1993. Role of potassium in development of fruit quality. In: Advances in Horticulture, Vol.2 Fruit Crops: Part 2. (Eds. K.L. Chadha and O.P. Pareek). Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi. p. 947-960.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Domingo O., J. y Bruno, R. M. 2001. Efecto de diferentes fertilizantes potásicos en el contenido foliar de nutrientes, producción y calidad de fruta en naranjo cv valencia. Agric. Téc. V.61 n.4 Chile.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Koo, R.C.J. 1985. Potassium nutrition of citrus. In: Potassium in Agriculture (Ed: R.S. Munson). ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 1077-1086.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Molina, E. 1999. Nutrición y fertilización de la naranja. 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    \r\n
    \r\n

    México se encuentra entre los primeros cinco países productores de cítricos en el mundo, con una superficie cultivada cercana a las 550 mil hectáreas. La citricultura en México la conforman los cultivos de limón, naranja, toronja, mandarina y lima. La naranja ocupa el primer lugar en el país con un 63 % de la superficie citrícola, le siguen el limón mexicano y el limón persa con un 23 %, mientras que el restante se distribuye entre la toronja, mandarina y lima.  Cabe destacar que el estado de Veracruz es el mayor productor de cítricos, con una producción anual superior a las 3.5 millones de toneladas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Importancia del potasio en cítricos<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Uno de los aspectos que más incide en el rendimiento de los cítricos es el manejo de la nutrición, especialmente cuando los árboles entran a la etapa de floración y fructificación. En cítricos, el potasio es el elemento extraído en mayor cantidad por la planta, después del nitrógeno. Cumple funciones fundamentales en la fisiología de los cítricos, tales como la regulación de la apertura estomática, activador enzimático, la multiplicación celular, síntesis y transporte de hidratos de carbono y la tolerancia ante situaciones de estrés.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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    Figura 1. Principales cítricos: limón, naranja, toronja, mandarina.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    Diversas publicaciones indican los efectos positivos de la aplicación de potasio en cítricos, los cuales son especialmente relevantes en la calidad de los frutos. En general, un aumento en el nivel de K disponible para las plantas, determina un aumento en el tamaño del fruto, en el grosor de la cáscara, y en sabor y color.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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     <\/div>\r\n\r\n
    \"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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                                                                                                                                                 Figura 2. Efecto del K sobre el tamaño de los frutos de cítricos.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    Por ejemplo, la extracción anual de K en el naranjo (Citrus sinensis<\/em> (L.) Osbeck) es del orden de 100 kg.<\/sup>ha-1<\/sup> para un rendimiento de 40 t.<\/sup>ha-1<\/sup>, donde los frutos concentran alrededor de 40 kg.<\/sup>ha-1 <\/sup>de K.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    La calidad de fruta y el potasio<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Los factores internos que están considerados en la calidad de la fruta son: tamaño de la fruta (expresado como el diámetro de la fruta), grados Brix (contenido de sólidos solubles, principalmente sacarosa), y el espesor de la cáscara.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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    Otro factor que incide sobre la calidad de la fruta son las fisiopatías como el granulado, también conocido como slerocitosis. Bhargava et al<\/em>. (1993) mencionan que la aplicación foliar de potasio en mandarinas, reduce la incidencia de la fisiopatía en 74 a 50 %. Otra alteración fisiológica es el bufado, que se caracteriza por tener la corteza del fruto delgada y blanda, que se hunde al presionarla con los dedos. Algunos autores señalan que un bajo nivel de K en las hojas se relaciona con frutos de tamaño pequeño y cáscara delgada. La cáscara delgada predispone a la partidura del fruto, a una ruptura de la cáscara en la zona del pedicelo en la cosecha y al bufado.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    También es importante señalar que demasiado K puede incrementar el espesor de la cáscara, efecto no positivo en la calidad de la fruta. Los productores deben considerar todos los factores y encontrar un balance entre ellos, al determinar las dosis de fertilizante potásico a aplicar. Para ello se recomienda siempre partir de un análisis de suelo que indique el contenido disponible de potasio, para no sobredosificar.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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    Figura 3. Respuesta de parámetros de producción y calidad de cítricos a la fertilización potásica de acuerdo a los niveles de K en la hoja. <\/strong><\/span>Flecha más gruesa = Efecto más pronunciado<\/strong><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    El potasio y el rendimiento<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    El K tiene efectos positivos sobre el rendimiento, que puede ser resultado de un mejor cuajado y un aumento en el tamaño de frutos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \"tabla\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Síntomas de deficiencia de K en cítricos<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    La carencia de K reduce el tamaño de hojas nuevas, se presenta clorosis marginal en hojas viejas, donde aparecen también áreas necróticas y moteadas pardo-amarillentas. El fruto es pequeño, de cáscara delgada y baja acidez.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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    Figura 4. Síntomas de deficiencia en hoja. Al ser un elemento muy móvil, se presenta en hojas viejas.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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    Figura 5. El K favorece el llenado de frutos. Las deficiencias provocan frutos pequeños.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    Fertilización<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Un ejemplo de los requerimientos nutricionales, en este caso para la naranja, se muestra en el siguiente cuadro, donde se aprecia que junto al N, el K es de los nutrientes más importantes en la producción de cítricos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \"tabla<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n\t
    • Bhargava, B.S., H.P. Singh and K.L. Chadha. 1993. Role of potassium in development of fruit quality. In: Advances in Horticulture, Vol.2 Fruit Crops: Part 2. (Eds. K.L. Chadha and O.P. Pareek). Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi. p. 947-960.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Domingo O., J. y Bruno, R. M. 2001. Efecto de diferentes fertilizantes potásicos en el contenido foliar de nutrientes, producción y calidad de fruta en naranjo cv valencia. Agric. Téc. V.61 n.4 Chile.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Koo, R.C.J. 1985. Potassium nutrition of citrus. In: Potassium in Agriculture (Ed: R.S. Munson). ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 1077-1086.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Molina, E. 1999. Nutrición y fertilización de la naranja. INPOFOS.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-12-06 07:31:59","updated":"2019-08-03 15:32:46","published":"2015-12-06 07:38:05","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/frutales"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"frutales","article":"el-potasio-y-la-calidad-en-citricos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"frutales","article":"el-potasio-y-la-calidad-en-citricos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}