{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":568,"views":115189,"title":"\"Phytophthora infestans\", un Patógeno Devastador para las Hortalizas","fb_title":"","link":"phytophthora-infestans-un-hongo-devastador-para-las-hortalizas","desc":"Phytophthora infestans pertenece a la clase oomiceto y puede reproducirse de forma sexual o asexual. Es conocido por ser el agente que causa el tizón tardío o mildiu, las principales plantas hospederas son la papa, tomate, pepino dulce y ocasionalmente la berenjena, en las que genera efectos devastadores.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art561-phytophthora\/P-infestans.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"Tizón tardío,papa,tomate,esporas,fusarium,Trichoderma,tubérculo,esporulación,genotipos resistentes","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/111. Phytophthora Infestans un Hongo Devastador para las Hortalizas.pdf","text":"
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Diciembre de 2018<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Introducción <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

El nombre: Phytophthora infestans <\/em>deriva del griego Phyto que significa planta y Phthora=destructor (destructor de plantas). Perteneciente a la clase oomiceto, puede reproducirse de forma sexual o asexual. Es conocido por ser el agente que causa el tizón tardío<\/a> o mildiu, las principales plantas hospederas son la papa<\/a> (Solanum tuberosum<\/em> L.), tomate<\/a> (Lycopersicum esculentum<\/em> Mill.) y  pepino dulce (S. muricatum<\/em> Ait.). Ocasionalmente afecta a la berenjena (S. melongena<\/em>), y a muchas otras especies de la familia Solanaceae en las que genera efectos devastadores.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Características y ciclo de vida<\/strong><\/span> <\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

P. infestans<\/em> infecta y se reproduce en la parte aérea de su hospedante. Se caracteriza por ser heterotálico, producir esporangios (estructura donde se encuentran las esporas) y esporas asexuales (zoosporas) a partir de la diferenciación de su micelio vegetativo. Además de presentar dos tipos de apareamiento A1 y A2 en su reproducción sexual.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Reproducción sexual<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Para poder reproducirse sexualmente es necesario la presencia de los dos tipos de apareamiento (A1 y A2), ya que uno actúa como gameto femenino y el otro como gameto masculino, dando lugar a la formación de oosporas, estructuras que le permiten al patógeno subsistir en condiciones desfavorables, permanecer latentes durante largo tiempo y tener genotipos resistentes y muy agresivos. Cada tipo de apareamiento es bisexual, capaz de producir oogonios y anteridios a partir de la diferenciación de su micelio vegetativo. Ambos tipos de apareamiento son considerados grupos de compatibilidad y no formas sexuales, ya que el anteridio u oogonio de un tipo puede aparearse con el oogonio o anteridio, respectivamente, del tipo opuesto.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Reproducción asexual<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

El patógeno se favorece en los ambientes fríos o húmedos, la temperatura<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"Ciclo\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 1. Ciclo de vida de Phytophthora infestans<\/em>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Piepenbring, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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óptima para la formación de esporas (esporulación) es de 12-18°C en ambientes de agua saturada o casi en saturación; mientras que la producción de zoosporas se favorece por debajo de los 15°C. Las zoosporas se enquistan en las superficies sólidas, toman una forma redonda y forman una pared celular, que al tener humedad desarrollan un tubo germinativo y penetran la hoja por los estomas para que la hifa ingrese directamente a través de la cutícula. La temperatura óptima de crecimiento de las lesiones es de 20-24°C. El ciclo de vida asexual del patógeno puede completarse en menos de cuatro días bajo condiciones favorables; sin embargo, los síntomas pueden ser visibles hasta el tercer o cuarto día después de la infección inicial.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Síntomas del tizón tardío causado por P. infestans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Hojas. <\/strong>Manchas de forma irregular y de color marrón claro a oscuro, tienen una apariencia húmeda, algunas veces rodeadas de color amarillo. Primero, los síntomas se presentan en los bordes y puntas de las hojas y cuando hay humedad se forman unas vellosidades blanquecinas en el envés de la hoja. Las lesiones se expanden rápido, cambiando a color marrón oscuro, con necrosis y provocan la muerte del tejido infectado. Las plantas infectadas despiden un olor característico por la rápida descomposición del tejido foliar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Tallos y peciolos. <\/strong>Las lesiones en el tallo son necróticas, de una longitud de 5-10 cm, que se tornan de color marrón a negro. Cuando la enfermedad es muy avanzada los tallos se quiebran fácilmente al paso de las personas, equipos agrícolas o con vientos fuertes. Con humedad alta también hay esporulación, aunque es menor que en las hojas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Tubérculos.  <\/strong>En el caso del cultivo de la papa, los tubérculos afectados tienen áreas irregulares, ligeramente hundidas y la piel se torna de color marrón rojiza. Si se realiza un corte transversal, se observan estrías necróticas delgadas desde la superficie externa hacia el interior. Cuando la enfermedad está avanzada hay pudrición de color castaño oscuro, en este caso pueden presentarse pudriciones secundarias a causa de hongos como Fusarium <\/em>spp., o bacterias como Erwinia <\/em>spp., Clostridium <\/em>spp., entre otros, que provocan la desintegración del tubérculo haciendo más difícil su diagnóstico.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Manejo Integrado del Tizón tardío en Hortalizas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Las principales funciones del manejo integrado son la prevención y control de la enfermedad, con la finalidad de disminuir o evitar las pérdidas que ocasiona para que el agricultor obtenga una mayor rentabilidad de su cultivo.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"Daños\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 2. Daño por tizón tardío en (A) tubérculo, (B) tallo y (C) hojas.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Torres, et al., 2012; Yuan-Min Shen; Alonso, 2013.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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 <\/div>\r\n\r\n
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 Cuadro 1. Estrategias, organismos e ingredientes activos para el manejo integrado del tizón tardío.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

 Fuente: Acuña, 2008.; Pérez & Forbes, 2008.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

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Control cultural<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

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Control biológico<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

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Control químico<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

(ingrediente activo)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

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-- Época de siembra con menor incidencia de la enfermedad.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Variedades resistentes<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Control de malezas<\/a> y plantas voluntarias<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Selección de semilla sana<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Evitar exceso de humedad en el follaje<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Corte del follaje 15 días antes de la cosecha<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Evitar riegos excesivos por inundación<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Saneamiento<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Buenos campos de cultivo<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

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- Serratia<\/em> spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Streptomyces <\/em> spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Pseudomonas<\/em> spp<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Bacillus <\/em> spp, B. subtilis.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- <\/em>Trichoderma<\/em><\/a> spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Fusarium <\/em>spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Aspergillus <\/em>spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Penicillium <\/em>spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Myrothecium <\/em>spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Bajo invernadero, además de los anteriores:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

-Infusiones o extractos de ajo, cebolla.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Fermentos de cebada, trigo, arroz, ajos.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

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- Azoyxyystrobin<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Benalaxil<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Clorotalonil<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Cyazofamid<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Fenamidone<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Fluazinam<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Furalaxyl<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Hidróxido de cobre.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Iprovalicarb<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Isoprothiolane<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Mancozeb<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Mefenoxan<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Metalaxil<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Oxido de cobre<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

-Caldo Bordeles<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Cita correcta de este artículo<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

INTAGRI. 2018. Phytophthora infestans, <\/em>un Patógeno Devastador para las Hortalizas. Serie Fitosanidad, Núm. 111. Artículos Técnicos de INTAGRI. México. 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Literatura consultada<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Acuña, B. I. 2014. El Tizón Tardío de la Papa. INIA (Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias). Chillán, Chile. Informativo 123. 2 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Torres, H. 2002. Manual de las Enfermedades Más Importantes de la Papa en el Perú. CIP (Centro Internacional de la Papa). Lima, Perú. 61 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Pérez, W.; Forbes, G. 2008. El Tizón Tardío de la Papa. CIP (Centro Internacional de la Papa). Lima, Perú. 41 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Acuña, B. I. 2017. Fitopatología – Enfermedades de la Papa: Tizón Tardío. INIA (Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias). Chile. Ficha Técnica 53. 2 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Acuña B. I. 2008. Manejo Integrado del Tizón Tardío y Estrategias de Control Químico. INIA (Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias). Chile.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Córdoba, D. G. M.; Parra, B. M. L.; Álvarez, O. S. L.; Lagos, M. L. E. 2015. Determinación del Tipo de Apareamiento en Aislamientos de Phytophthora infestans <\/em>(Mont) de Bray en Zonas Productoras de Papa (Solanum tuberosum <\/em>L.) en el Departamento de Nariño. Fitopatología Colombiana. 7 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Fry, W. E.; Grünwald, N. J. 2010. Introducción a los Oomicetes. Trans. Alberto J. Valencia-Botín. 2012. The Plant Health Instructor. 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Es conocido por ser el agente que causa el tizón tardío o mildiu, las principales plantas hospederas son la papa, tomate, pepino dulce y ocasionalmente la berenjena, en las que genera efectos devastadores.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art561-phytophthora\/P-infestans.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"Tizón tardío,papa,tomate,esporas,fusarium,Trichoderma,tubérculo,esporulación,genotipos resistentes","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/111. Phytophthora Infestans un Hongo Devastador para las Hortalizas.pdf","text":"

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Diciembre de 2018<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/span><\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Introducción <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

El nombre: Phytophthora infestans <\/em>deriva del griego Phyto que significa planta y Phthora=destructor (destructor de plantas). Perteneciente a la clase oomiceto, puede reproducirse de forma sexual o asexual. Es conocido por ser el agente que causa el tizón tardío<\/a> o mildiu, las principales plantas hospederas son la papa<\/a> (Solanum tuberosum<\/em> L.), tomate<\/a> (Lycopersicum esculentum<\/em> Mill.) y  pepino dulce (S. muricatum<\/em> Ait.). Ocasionalmente afecta a la berenjena (S. melongena<\/em>), y a muchas otras especies de la familia Solanaceae en las que genera efectos devastadores.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Características y ciclo de vida<\/strong><\/span> <\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

P. infestans<\/em> infecta y se reproduce en la parte aérea de su hospedante. Se caracteriza por ser heterotálico, producir esporangios (estructura donde se encuentran las esporas) y esporas asexuales (zoosporas) a partir de la diferenciación de su micelio vegetativo. Además de presentar dos tipos de apareamiento A1 y A2 en su reproducción sexual.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Reproducción sexual<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Para poder reproducirse sexualmente es necesario la presencia de los dos tipos de apareamiento (A1 y A2), ya que uno actúa como gameto femenino y el otro como gameto masculino, dando lugar a la formación de oosporas, estructuras que le permiten al patógeno subsistir en condiciones desfavorables, permanecer latentes durante largo tiempo y tener genotipos resistentes y muy agresivos. Cada tipo de apareamiento es bisexual, capaz de producir oogonios y anteridios a partir de la diferenciación de su micelio vegetativo. Ambos tipos de apareamiento son considerados grupos de compatibilidad y no formas sexuales, ya que el anteridio u oogonio de un tipo puede aparearse con el oogonio o anteridio, respectivamente, del tipo opuesto.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Reproducción asexual<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

El patógeno se favorece en los ambientes fríos o húmedos, la temperatura<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"Ciclo\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 1. Ciclo de vida de Phytophthora infestans<\/em>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Piepenbring, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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óptima para la formación de esporas (esporulación) es de 12-18°C en ambientes de agua saturada o casi en saturación; mientras que la producción de zoosporas se favorece por debajo de los 15°C. Las zoosporas se enquistan en las superficies sólidas, toman una forma redonda y forman una pared celular, que al tener humedad desarrollan un tubo germinativo y penetran la hoja por los estomas para que la hifa ingrese directamente a través de la cutícula. La temperatura óptima de crecimiento de las lesiones es de 20-24°C. El ciclo de vida asexual del patógeno puede completarse en menos de cuatro días bajo condiciones favorables; sin embargo, los síntomas pueden ser visibles hasta el tercer o cuarto día después de la infección inicial.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Síntomas del tizón tardío causado por P. infestans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Hojas. <\/strong>Manchas de forma irregular y de color marrón claro a oscuro, tienen una apariencia húmeda, algunas veces rodeadas de color amarillo. Primero, los síntomas se presentan en los bordes y puntas de las hojas y cuando hay humedad se forman unas vellosidades blanquecinas en el envés de la hoja. Las lesiones se expanden rápido, cambiando a color marrón oscuro, con necrosis y provocan la muerte del tejido infectado. Las plantas infectadas despiden un olor característico por la rápida descomposición del tejido foliar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Tallos y peciolos. <\/strong>Las lesiones en el tallo son necróticas, de una longitud de 5-10 cm, que se tornan de color marrón a negro. Cuando la enfermedad es muy avanzada los tallos se quiebran fácilmente al paso de las personas, equipos agrícolas o con vientos fuertes. Con humedad alta también hay esporulación, aunque es menor que en las hojas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Tubérculos.  <\/strong>En el caso del cultivo de la papa, los tubérculos afectados tienen áreas irregulares, ligeramente hundidas y la piel se torna de color marrón rojiza. Si se realiza un corte transversal, se observan estrías necróticas delgadas desde la superficie externa hacia el interior. Cuando la enfermedad está avanzada hay pudrición de color castaño oscuro, en este caso pueden presentarse pudriciones secundarias a causa de hongos como Fusarium <\/em>spp., o bacterias como Erwinia <\/em>spp., Clostridium <\/em>spp., entre otros, que provocan la desintegración del tubérculo haciendo más difícil su diagnóstico.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Manejo Integrado del Tizón tardío en Hortalizas<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Las principales funciones del manejo integrado son la prevención y control de la enfermedad, con la finalidad de disminuir o evitar las pérdidas que ocasiona para que el agricultor obtenga una mayor rentabilidad de su cultivo.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"Daños\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 2. Daño por tizón tardío en (A) tubérculo, (B) tallo y (C) hojas.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Torres, et al., 2012; Yuan-Min Shen; Alonso, 2013.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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 <\/div>\r\n\r\n
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 Cuadro 1. Estrategias, organismos e ingredientes activos para el manejo integrado del tizón tardío.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

 Fuente: Acuña, 2008.; Pérez & Forbes, 2008.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

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Control cultural<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

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Control biológico<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

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Control químico<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

(ingrediente activo)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

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-- Época de siembra con menor incidencia de la enfermedad.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Variedades resistentes<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Control de malezas<\/a> y plantas voluntarias<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Selección de semilla sana<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Evitar exceso de humedad en el follaje<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Corte del follaje 15 días antes de la cosecha<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Evitar riegos excesivos por inundación<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Saneamiento<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Buenos campos de cultivo<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

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- Serratia<\/em> spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Streptomyces <\/em> spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Pseudomonas<\/em> spp<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Bacillus <\/em> spp, B. subtilis.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- <\/em>Trichoderma<\/em><\/a> spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Fusarium <\/em>spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Aspergillus <\/em>spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Penicillium <\/em>spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Myrothecium <\/em>spp.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Bajo invernadero, además de los anteriores:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

-Infusiones o extractos de ajo, cebolla.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Fermentos de cebada, trigo, arroz, ajos.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

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- Azoyxyystrobin<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Benalaxil<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Clorotalonil<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Cyazofamid<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Fenamidone<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Fluazinam<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Furalaxyl<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Hidróxido de cobre.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Iprovalicarb<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Isoprothiolane<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Mancozeb<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Mefenoxan<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Metalaxil<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

- Oxido de cobre<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

-Caldo Bordeles<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Cita correcta de este artículo<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

INTAGRI. 2018. Phytophthora infestans, <\/em>un Patógeno Devastador para las Hortalizas. Serie Fitosanidad, Núm. 111. Artículos Técnicos de INTAGRI. México. 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Literatura consultada<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Acuña, B. I. 2014. El Tizón Tardío de la Papa. INIA (Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias). Chillán, Chile. Informativo 123. 2 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Torres, H. 2002. Manual de las Enfermedades Más Importantes de la Papa en el Perú. CIP (Centro Internacional de la Papa). Lima, Perú. 61 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Pérez, W.; Forbes, G. 2008. El Tizón Tardío de la Papa. CIP (Centro Internacional de la Papa). Lima, Perú. 41 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Acuña, B. I. 2017. Fitopatología – Enfermedades de la Papa: Tizón Tardío. INIA (Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias). Chile. Ficha Técnica 53. 2 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Acuña B. I. 2008. Manejo Integrado del Tizón Tardío y Estrategias de Control Químico. INIA (Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias). Chile.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Córdoba, D. G. M.; Parra, B. M. L.; Álvarez, O. S. L.; Lagos, M. L. E. 2015. Determinación del Tipo de Apareamiento en Aislamientos de Phytophthora infestans <\/em>(Mont) de Bray en Zonas Productoras de Papa (Solanum tuberosum <\/em>L.) en el Departamento de Nariño. Fitopatología Colombiana. 7 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

- Fry, W. E.; Grünwald, N. J. 2010. Introducción a los Oomicetes. Trans. Alberto J. Valencia-Botín. 2012. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094\/PHI-I-2012-0220-01.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2018-12-07 16:53:55","updated":"2021-06-28 13:57:59","published":"2018-12-07 18:38:41","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"phytophthora-infestans-un-hongo-devastador-para-las-hortalizas","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"phytophthora-infestans-un-hongo-devastador-para-las-hortalizas","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}