{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":372,"views":151186,"title":"Manejo Integrado del Gusano Elotero (Helicoverpa zea)","fb_title":"","link":"manejo-integrado-del-gusano-elotero-helicoverpa-zea","desc":"El gusano elotero es el estado inmaduro del insecto Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), una de las principales especies que provoca graves daños y pérdidas económicas, afectando principalmente al cultivo de maíz en etapas de reproducción. El gusano es una plaga polífaga con más de 100 plantas hospederas, es decir, se alimenta de distintos cultivos, entre los cuales destacan maíz, sorgo, tomate y algodón.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art378-gusano-elotero\/Gusano%20elotero.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"Maíz,Gusano,elotero,Helicoverpa,zea,larva,elote,Lepidóptera,Huevecillos,R1,etapas,trampas,feromonas,Insecticidas,Trichogramma","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/82. Manejo Integrado del Gusano Elotero (Helicoverpa zea).pdf","text":"
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El gusano elotero es el estado inmaduro del insecto Helicoverpa zea <\/em>(Boddie), una de las principales  especies que provoca graves daños y pérdidas económicas, afectando principalmente al cultivo de maíz en etapas de reproducción. Se encuentra ampliamente distribuido desde Norteamérica hasta Sudamérica y en algunas regiones de Europa y Asia. El gusano es una plaga polífaga con más de 100 plantas hospederas, es decir, se alimenta de distintos cultivos, entre los cuales destacan maíz, sorgo, tomate y algodón.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Características<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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Ciclo biológico<\/strong>. El gusano elotero es una plaga del orden Lepidóptera y presenta cuatro fases de desarrollo durante su ciclo biológico, mismo que tiene una duración de 28 a 45 días. Su ciclo empieza cuando las hembras ovopositan de 500 a 3,000 huevecillos en la etapa R1; estos huevecillos eclosionan 2 a 5 días después, dando lugar a las larvas.  La fase de larva tiene una duración de 14 a 15 días, y en este periodo se alimenta de la seda de la mazorca y los granos de elote en los estados lechoso y masoso, causando severos daños al cultivo a medida que las larvas maduran. Después pasa al siguiente estado de desarrollo conocido como pupa. En esta fase la plaga deja de alimentarse y cae al suelo donde se alberga a una profundidad de 5 a 10 cm; puede durar de 12 hasta 15 días bajo esta condición. La plaga concluye su ciclo con la fase adulta, donde la polilla sobrevive de 15 a 30 días, dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Hábitos. <\/strong>Los adultos del gusano elotero salen durante la tarde y permanecen activos durante el periodo nocturno. Durante el día permanecen escondidos en la vegetación, aunque también se pueden encontrar alimentándose del néctar. Las polillas tienden a migrar estacionalmente y pueden volar cientos de kilómetros en busca de condiciones favorables para su desarrollo, lo que pone en riesgo la incidencia en cultivos de diferentes regiones.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Daños. <\/strong>El daño directo lo ocasiona el gusano elotero, ya que se alimenta durante su estado larvario de los estigmas del jilote (pelos del jilote)  y los granos de maíz en estado lechoso-masoso, donde provoca grandes<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"ciclo-biologico-gusano-elotero\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 1. Ciclo biológico del gusano elotero.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

 Fuente: Intagri, 2017.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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daños en la mazorca desde la punta hasta la base de la misma. Por otra parte, debido a las perforaciones y a la acumulación de excremento se favorece el desarrollo de hongos patógenos (Gibberella, Penicillium, Aspergills, Physalospora <\/em> y Nigrospora<\/em>) que provocan la pudrición de la mazorca.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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 <\/div>\r\n\r\n
\"daño-del-gusano-elotero\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 2. Daño del gusano elotero por alimentación y acumulación de excremento. Fuente: Reyes, H. 2017.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"daño-del-gusano-elotero\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 3. Daño del gusano elotero Helicoverpa zea<\/em> (Boddie). <\/strong> Fuente: Capinera, 2014<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

 <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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Manejo integrado del gusano elotero<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

Monitoreo.<\/strong> Un monitoreo continuo y minucioso en el cultivo es fundamental para detectar de manera oportuna la presencia de la plaga, especialmente en la etapa R1. Es importante prestar atención en los estigmas del maíz (Figura 4), ya que es donde se encuentran los huevecillos. Detectar a tiempo la presencia de huevecillos y larvas permite tomar acciones de control inmediato, pues una vez que la larva entra a los granos de la mazorca es difícil un control directo con insecticidas de contacto. Aun cuando las larvas se encuentran dentro de las brácteas, el daño por perforaciones y alimentación del elote es visible, pero en algunas ocasiones las mazorcas no presentan daño evidente, por lo que es necesario seleccionar y abrir algunas brácteas de los elotes para detectar la plaga.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Otras alternativas de monitoreo de la población de la plaga son el uso de trampas de luz que atraen a machos y hembras adultos, así como el uso de trampas de luz con feromonas que atraen a los machos. Es recomendable establecer estas trampas en diferentes puntos de la parcela con la finalidad de detectar el sitio y la gravedad de incidencia de la plaga.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Medidas  culturales.<\/strong> Existen diferentes prácticas culturales como la selección de variedades y fechas de siembra, donde el objetivo principal es desplazar el momento de la floración del maíz con la época de mayor incidencia de la plaga. Otra práctica es el barbecho profundo, cuya finalidad es exponer las pupas a la intemperie y a la vista de depredadores naturales como las aves.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"huevecillos-de-gusano-elotero\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 4. Huevecillos de gusano elotero en las estigmas del maíz.  <\/strong>Fuente: Reyes, H. 2017.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Control biológico.<\/strong> Se basa principalmente en la liberación de depredadores, siendo los más comunes la avispa de Trichogramma <\/em>spp., que parasita los huevos de Helicoverpa zea<\/em> y algunos crisópidos, especialmente Chrysoperla <\/em>sp. Sin embargo, estos no logran erradicar la plaga, ya que solo reducen las poblaciones. Otro organismo biológico con gran potencial es la bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis<\/em>, debido a las toxinas que hacen que las larvas mueran.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Control químico.<\/strong> Es un método muy utilizado, sin embargo, la efectividad es baja cuando no se aplica en el momento y en dosis recomendadas. Debido a que el gusano elotero se hospeda dentro de las brácteas del elote, es difícil controlarlo con productos de contacto. Algunas consideraciones para la aplicación de insecticidas son:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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  • Realizar las aplicaciones en las primeras semanas después de floración del cultivo.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Aplicar los insecticidas cuando los huevos acaban de ser ovopositados.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Utilizar productos que sean selectivos, es decir, dirigidos especialmente a la plaga.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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    Cita correcta de este artículo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    INTAGRI. 2017. Manejo Integrado del Gusano Elotero (Helicoverpa zea<\/em>). Serie Fitosanidad. Núm. 82. Artículos Técnicos de INTAGRI. México. 3 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Fuentes consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    - Zúñiga, A.; Angulo, A.; Rebolledo, R.;  Navarro, M. 2011. Comparación de estadios larvales de Helicoverpa zea<\/em> (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) mediante longitud de cápsula cefálica y distancia entre setas frontales. Idesia Arica, 29(3): 83-86.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    -CABI.2017.Helicoverpa zea<\/em> (American cotton bollworm). Centre for Agricultural Bioscience         International. Wallingford. Reino Unido.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    -Bessin, R. 2006. Corn Earworm Management in Sweet Corn. The University of Kentucky. Kentucky.        EE.UU.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    - Capinera, J.L. 2014. Corn earworm. University of Florida. Florida. EE.UU<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    - Calvin, D. 2000. Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa Zea)<\/em>. The Pennsylvania State University. Department of Entomology. Pennsylvania. EE.UU.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    -Tullí, M. C.; Vincini, A. M.; Pascucci, J. I.; Carmona, D. M.; Baquero, V. G. 2016. Biotecnología de   Helicoverpa zea<\/em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en cultivos de maíz dulce con diferente manejo de hábitat.   Entomotropica, 31:23-35.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    -<\/em>Smith, I.M.; McNamara. D.G.; Scott, P.R.; Harris, K.M. 1992. Helicoverpa zea<\/em>. Data Sheets on quarantine   pests. CAB International & EPPO.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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El gusano es una plaga polífaga con más de 100 plantas hospederas, es decir, se alimenta de distintos cultivos, entre los cuales destacan maíz, sorgo, tomate y algodón.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art378-gusano-elotero\/Gusano%20elotero.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"Maíz,Gusano,elotero,Helicoverpa,zea,larva,elote,Lepidóptera,Huevecillos,R1,etapas,trampas,feromonas,Insecticidas,Trichogramma","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/82. Manejo Integrado del Gusano Elotero (Helicoverpa zea).pdf","text":"

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    El gusano elotero es el estado inmaduro del insecto Helicoverpa zea <\/em>(Boddie), una de las principales  especies que provoca graves daños y pérdidas económicas, afectando principalmente al cultivo de maíz en etapas de reproducción. Se encuentra ampliamente distribuido desde Norteamérica hasta Sudamérica y en algunas regiones de Europa y Asia. El gusano es una plaga polífaga con más de 100 plantas hospederas, es decir, se alimenta de distintos cultivos, entre los cuales destacan maíz, sorgo, tomate y algodón.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Características<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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    Ciclo biológico<\/strong>. El gusano elotero es una plaga del orden Lepidóptera y presenta cuatro fases de desarrollo durante su ciclo biológico, mismo que tiene una duración de 28 a 45 días. Su ciclo empieza cuando las hembras ovopositan de 500 a 3,000 huevecillos en la etapa R1; estos huevecillos eclosionan 2 a 5 días después, dando lugar a las larvas.  La fase de larva tiene una duración de 14 a 15 días, y en este periodo se alimenta de la seda de la mazorca y los granos de elote en los estados lechoso y masoso, causando severos daños al cultivo a medida que las larvas maduran. Después pasa al siguiente estado de desarrollo conocido como pupa. En esta fase la plaga deja de alimentarse y cae al suelo donde se alberga a una profundidad de 5 a 10 cm; puede durar de 12 hasta 15 días bajo esta condición. La plaga concluye su ciclo con la fase adulta, donde la polilla sobrevive de 15 a 30 días, dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Hábitos. <\/strong>Los adultos del gusano elotero salen durante la tarde y permanecen activos durante el periodo nocturno. Durante el día permanecen escondidos en la vegetación, aunque también se pueden encontrar alimentándose del néctar. Las polillas tienden a migrar estacionalmente y pueden volar cientos de kilómetros en busca de condiciones favorables para su desarrollo, lo que pone en riesgo la incidencia en cultivos de diferentes regiones.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Daños. <\/strong>El daño directo lo ocasiona el gusano elotero, ya que se alimenta durante su estado larvario de los estigmas del jilote (pelos del jilote)  y los granos de maíz en estado lechoso-masoso, donde provoca grandes<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    \"ciclo-biologico-gusano-elotero\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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    Figura 1. Ciclo biológico del gusano elotero.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

     Fuente: Intagri, 2017.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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    daños en la mazorca desde la punta hasta la base de la misma. Por otra parte, debido a las perforaciones y a la acumulación de excremento se favorece el desarrollo de hongos patógenos (Gibberella, Penicillium, Aspergills, Physalospora <\/em> y Nigrospora<\/em>) que provocan la pudrición de la mazorca.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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     <\/div>\r\n\r\n
    \"daño-del-gusano-elotero\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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    Figura 2. Daño del gusano elotero por alimentación y acumulación de excremento. Fuente: Reyes, H. 2017.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    \"daño-del-gusano-elotero\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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    Figura 3. Daño del gusano elotero Helicoverpa zea<\/em> (Boddie). <\/strong> Fuente: Capinera, 2014<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

     <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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    Manejo integrado del gusano elotero<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n

    Monitoreo.<\/strong> Un monitoreo continuo y minucioso en el cultivo es fundamental para detectar de manera oportuna la presencia de la plaga, especialmente en la etapa R1. Es importante prestar atención en los estigmas del maíz (Figura 4), ya que es donde se encuentran los huevecillos. Detectar a tiempo la presencia de huevecillos y larvas permite tomar acciones de control inmediato, pues una vez que la larva entra a los granos de la mazorca es difícil un control directo con insecticidas de contacto. Aun cuando las larvas se encuentran dentro de las brácteas, el daño por perforaciones y alimentación del elote es visible, pero en algunas ocasiones las mazorcas no presentan daño evidente, por lo que es necesario seleccionar y abrir algunas brácteas de los elotes para detectar la plaga.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Otras alternativas de monitoreo de la población de la plaga son el uso de trampas de luz que atraen a machos y hembras adultos, así como el uso de trampas de luz con feromonas que atraen a los machos. Es recomendable establecer estas trampas en diferentes puntos de la parcela con la finalidad de detectar el sitio y la gravedad de incidencia de la plaga.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Medidas  culturales.<\/strong> Existen diferentes prácticas culturales como la selección de variedades y fechas de siembra, donde el objetivo principal es desplazar el momento de la floración del maíz con la época de mayor incidencia de la plaga. Otra práctica es el barbecho profundo, cuya finalidad es exponer las pupas a la intemperie y a la vista de depredadores naturales como las aves.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    \"huevecillos-de-gusano-elotero\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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    Figura 4. Huevecillos de gusano elotero en las estigmas del maíz.  <\/strong>Fuente: Reyes, H. 2017.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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    Control biológico.<\/strong> Se basa principalmente en la liberación de depredadores, siendo los más comunes la avispa de Trichogramma <\/em>spp., que parasita los huevos de Helicoverpa zea<\/em> y algunos crisópidos, especialmente Chrysoperla <\/em>sp. Sin embargo, estos no logran erradicar la plaga, ya que solo reducen las poblaciones. Otro organismo biológico con gran potencial es la bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis<\/em>, debido a las toxinas que hacen que las larvas mueran.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Control químico.<\/strong> Es un método muy utilizado, sin embargo, la efectividad es baja cuando no se aplica en el momento y en dosis recomendadas. Debido a que el gusano elotero se hospeda dentro de las brácteas del elote, es difícil controlarlo con productos de contacto. Algunas consideraciones para la aplicación de insecticidas son:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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    • Realizar las aplicaciones en las primeras semanas después de floración del cultivo.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Aplicar los insecticidas cuando los huevos acaban de ser ovopositados.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Utilizar productos que sean selectivos, es decir, dirigidos especialmente a la plaga.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
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      Cita correcta de este artículo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

      INTAGRI. 2017. Manejo Integrado del Gusano Elotero (Helicoverpa zea<\/em>). Serie Fitosanidad. Núm. 82. Artículos Técnicos de INTAGRI. México. 3 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      Fuentes consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

      - Zúñiga, A.; Angulo, A.; Rebolledo, R.;  Navarro, M. 2011. Comparación de estadios larvales de Helicoverpa zea<\/em> (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) mediante longitud de cápsula cefálica y distancia entre setas frontales. Idesia Arica, 29(3): 83-86.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      -CABI.2017.Helicoverpa zea<\/em> (American cotton bollworm). Centre for Agricultural Bioscience         International. Wallingford. Reino Unido.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      -Bessin, R. 2006. Corn Earworm Management in Sweet Corn. The University of Kentucky. Kentucky.        EE.UU.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      - Capinera, J.L. 2014. Corn earworm. University of Florida. Florida. EE.UU<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      - Calvin, D. 2000. Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa Zea)<\/em>. The Pennsylvania State University. Department of Entomology. Pennsylvania. EE.UU.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      -Tullí, M. C.; Vincini, A. M.; Pascucci, J. I.; Carmona, D. M.; Baquero, V. G. 2016. Biotecnología de   Helicoverpa zea<\/em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en cultivos de maíz dulce con diferente manejo de hábitat.   Entomotropica, 31:23-35.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      -<\/em>Smith, I.M.; McNamara. D.G.; Scott, P.R.; Harris, K.M. 1992. Helicoverpa zea<\/em>. Data Sheets on quarantine   pests. CAB International & EPPO.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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