{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":848,"views":8371,"title":"Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades en Cultivo de Papa","fb_title":"","link":"manejo-integrado-de-enfermedades-en-cultivo-de-papa ","desc":"La papa (Solanum tuberosum) es de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial. Una de las grandes limitantes en la producción de papa son los problemas fitosanitarios o de enfermedades, que afectan plantas y tubérculos, generando pérdidas en los rendimientos y en la calidad del producto cosechado. Los daños ocasionados pueden ser totales o parciales, produciendo grandes pérdidas económicas a los productores.","fb_desc":"La papa (Solanum tuberosum) es de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial. Una de las grandes limitantes en la producción de papa son los problemas fitosanitarios o de enfermedades, que afectan plantas y tubérculos, generando pérdidas en los rendimientos y en la calidad del producto cosechado. Los daños ocasionados pueden ser totales o parciales, produciendo grandes pérdidas económicas a los productores.","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/PAPA_Mesa%20de%20trabajo%201%20copia%202.jpg","fb_thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Manejo-integrado-.jpg","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"enfermedades en papa, solanum, tubérculos, papa, enfermedades","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/142. Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades en Cultivo de papa.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La papa <em>(Solanum tuberosum)<\/em> es de los cultivos m&aacute;s importantes a nivel mundial. Una de las grandes limitantes en la producci&oacute;n de papa son los problemas fitosanitarios o de enfermedades, que afectan plantas y tub&eacute;rculos, generando p&eacute;rdidas en los rendimientos y en la calidad del producto cosechado. Los da&ntilde;os ocasionados pueden ser totales o parciales, produciendo grandes p&eacute;rdidas econ&oacute;micas a los productores.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Reconocimiento y Diagn&oacute;stico.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El primer paso para el manejo correcto de una enfermedad es conocer el agente causal de la misma. Por lo tanto, es indispensable el reconocimiento temprano de los s&iacute;ntomas, que nos permite actuar lo m&aacute;s pronto posible para generar un conjunto de recomendaciones que pueden abarcar desde el manejo cultural hasta el control qu&iacute;mico, esto, con el objetivo de minimizar la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad diagnosticada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Si bien, el diagn&oacute;stico es el fundamento t&eacute;cnico y cient&iacute;fico para tomar medidas de manejo r&aacute;pido y oportuno, se debe considerar que para&nbsp;un buen diagn&oacute;stico en lo posible debemos apoyarnos en laboratorios de Diagn&oacute;stico Fitosanitario.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Manejo Cultural.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El manejo cultural consiste en una serie de pr&aacute;cticas agr&iacute;colas, con el fin de controlar y\/o eliminar la enfermedad, para que esta no se expanda a todo el cultivo. Para esto se considera la eliminaci&oacute;n de las fuentes de in&oacute;culo y todos los manejos agron&oacute;micos durante el cultivo, a la cosecha y en almacenamiento que favorezcan un cultivo sano y vigoroso. Algunos de los manejos culturales se describen a continuaci&oacute;n:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de semilla certificada<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Eliminar restos de papas de almacenamiento, cosecha y selecci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Desinfecci&oacute;n de herramientas y equipos de trabajo<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cosechar con ambiente seco<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ventilaci&oacute;n adecuada de los almacenes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Destruir y eliminar el follaje infectado<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tener un buen drenaje<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Principales enfermedades en papa<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las enfermedades que afectan a la papa atacan principalmente: ra&iacute;ces, tub&eacute;rculo y hojas; las cuales se llegan a presentar principalmente durante su crecimiento, afectando la formaci&oacute;n adecuada del tub&eacute;rculo. Algunas de estas enfermedades son:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tiz&oacute;n tard&iacute;o (<em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Costra negra, Rhizoctoniasis de la papa (<em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tiz&oacute;n temprano (<em>Alternaria solani<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Sarna polvorosa de la papa (<em>Spongospera subterr&aacute;nea<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pie negro o pudrici&oacute;n blanca (<em>Erwinia carotovora<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Tiz&oacute;n tard&iacute;o (<em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Es la enfermedad m&aacute;s devastadora del cultivo. Ataca hojas, tallos en cualquier fase de desarrollo y ocasionalmente tub&eacute;rculos. Se dispersa muy r&aacute;pido, especialmente en zonas h&uacute;medas de temperatura caliente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las condiciones ambientales que la favorecen son: humedad elevada (alta humedad relativa) y temperaturas entre 18 y 22&deg;C.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Manchas en hojas por phytophthora infestans\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Manchas.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 1: Manchas en el haz de las hojas por <em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Perera y de Tenerife, 2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Peque&ntilde;as manchas marr&oacute;n o negro, de apariencia h&uacute;meda, que van creciendo desde los bordes o el &aacute;pice hacia el centro del foliolo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las manchas suelen presentar un halo amarillento o verde claro.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Bajo condiciones de alta humedad se observa un tejido blanco y filamentoso por el env&eacute;s de las hojas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Usualmente en los tallos se aprecian manchas de color caf&eacute;.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de semillas sana, variedades con tolerancia a la enfermedad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Eliminaci&oacute;n de residuos de cosechas anteriores.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Si se utiliza riego por aspersi&oacute;n, evitar hacerlo hacia el medio d&iacute;a para evitar las altas temperaturas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Realizar el surcado con espaciamiento no menor a 1 metro.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Realizar el control qu&iacute;mico de manera preventiva.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Costra negra, Rhizoctoniasis de la papa (<em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Genera la formaci&oacute;n de&nbsp;tub&eacute;rculos deformes con protuberancias y costras negras&nbsp;que disminuyen significativamente su calidad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La temperatura &oacute;ptima para su crecimiento son 18 &deg;C, favorecida por la alta humedad en el suelo y en el ambiente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las costras negras afectan los estolones o brotes del tub&eacute;rculo causando&nbsp;manchas&nbsp;y&nbsp;chancros&nbsp;de color caf&eacute; - rojizo, y pueden causar la muerte de los puntos de crecimiento.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:18pt; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Chancros (deformaciones y decapitaciones) en brotes y estolones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Manchas negras cubiertas por estructuras algodonosas de color blanco en la base de las plantas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Costras negras sobre los tub&eacute;rculos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tub&eacute;rculos a&eacute;reos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Retraso en el desarrollo de las plantas, enrollamiento del &aacute;pice y necrosis del tejido le&ntilde;oso.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:18pt; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotaci&oacute;n del cultivo, preferiblemente con cereales durante un tiempo m&iacute;nimo de tres a&ntilde;os.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de semillas sanas certificadas, de muy buena calidad y previamente tratadas con fungicidas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Siembra poco profunda, para permitir una r&aacute;pida emergencia, reduciendo el da&ntilde;o a los nuevos brotes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Eliminaci&oacute;n de residuos de cosechas anteriores, especialmente tub&eacute;rculos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de fungicidas en las etapas de&nbsp;almacenamiento, siembra&nbsp;y&nbsp;desinfecci&oacute;n&nbsp;del suelo en el surco.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Rhizoctonia solani\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/costras-negras.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2: Costras negras en papa debido a la contaminaci&oacute;n por <em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Perera y de Tenerife, 2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Tiz&oacute;n temprano (<em>Alternaria solani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Enfermedad principalmente del follaje que se presenta desde los 90 d&iacute;as posteriores a la siembra en adelante. Se ve favorecido por la humedad y temperaturas por encima de los 25&deg;.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">En zonas donde se utiliza riego por aspersi&oacute;n el pat&oacute;geno ejerce una mayor presi&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El inoculo sobrevive de un a&ntilde;o a otro como micelio o esporas en restos de plantas o sobre la superficie del suelo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Da&ntilde;os foliares en forma de manchas circulares conc&eacute;ntricas, de color pardo oscuro, rodeadas por halo clor&oacute;tico que no sobrepasa las nervaduras de las hojas. Bajo condiciones de sequedad, el tejido afectado se agrieta, dejando perforaciones en las hojas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Lesiones similares en los tallos, torn&aacute;ndose quebradizos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Lesiones de color oscuro en los tub&eacute;rculos, se distribuyen de forma irregular sobre la superficie y se proyectan hacia el interior hasta tres cent&iacute;metros.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evita humedad excesiva sobre el follaje en zonas donde se utilice riego por aspersi&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de fungicidas preventivos y sist&eacute;micos cuando aparecen los primeros s&iacute;ntomas en la planta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Alternario solani\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Alternaria.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 3: Manchas en hojas provocadas por <em>Alternaria solani<\/em> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Perera y Trujillo, 2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Sarna polvorosa de la papa (<em>Spongospera subterr&aacute;nea<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Afecta tub&eacute;rculos, ra&iacute;ces y estolones. Las estructuras reproductivas del hongo pueden sobrevivir en el suelo durante varios a&ntilde;os.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Suelos con alta humedad, altos contenidos de materia org&aacute;nica y bajas temperaturas son condiciones favorables al desarrollo de la enfermedad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Peque&ntilde;as ampollas de 0.5 a 2.0 mm de di&aacute;metro en sus primeras etapas de desarrollo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Agallas o tumores lisos de 0.5 a 1.5 cm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">P&uacute;stulas abiertas, de color prado claro a pardo oscuro predominan en los tub&eacute;rculos afectados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Usar semillas sanas certificadas, de muy buena calidad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Usar materia org&aacute;nica bien descompuesta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evitar los encharcamientos en las &aacute;reas de cultivo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evitar la humedad excesiva sobre el follaje en zonas donde se utilice riego por aspersi&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evitar la siembra del cultivo en lotes que ya est&eacute;n contaminados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tratar la semilla con fungicidas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Sarna polvorosa de la papa \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Lesiones.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 4: Lesiones en papa provocadas por la sarna polvorosa de la papa.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Perera y Trujillo, 2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Pie negro o pudrici&oacute;n blanca <em>(Erwinia carotovora)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Enfermedad bacteriana que ataca varias estructuras de la planta como hojas, tallos y tub&eacute;rculos. Esta bacteria puede estar presente en el tub&eacute;rculo, a veces sin expresar s&iacute;ntomas, pero sigue viva y puede activarse cuando las condiciones de humedad y temperatura son favorables para su desarrollo y multiplicaci&oacute;n. A menudo, lesiones negras y mucilaginosas van ascendiendo por el tallo desde un tub&eacute;rculo-semilla con pudrici&oacute;n blanda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pudrici&oacute;n de color negro que inicia en el tub&eacute;rculo y se extiende hacia arriba por el tallo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Oscurecimiento de los haces vasculares y si se hace un corte transversal al tallo, se nota la exudaci&oacute;n de un mucilago gris-casta&ntilde;o.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Decoloraci&oacute;n vascular de los tub&eacute;rculos que puede extenderse desde el xilema hacia la m&eacute;dula y la corteza.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Marchitez severa y sequedad son s&iacute;ntomas avanzados que preceden a la muerte de la planta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos (m&eacute;todo m&aacute;s eficaz).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de semillas sanas certificadas, de muy buena calidad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Almacenar los tub&eacute;rculos en sitios secos, ventilados y con luz difusa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Desinfectar las herramientas de trabajo peri&oacute;dicamente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evitar la siembra del cultivo en lotes que ya est&eacute;n contaminados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Erwinia carotovora\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Erwnia.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 5: Los tallos resultan ser muy afectados por la presencia de <em>Erwnia carotovora<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: CORTEVA<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Cita correcta de este articulo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2024. Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades en Cultivo de Papa. Serie Fitosanidad, N&uacute;m. 142. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 6 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Literatura consultada <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Perera y Trujillo, (2019). Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Enfermedades en Cultivos de Papas. 4-14 (3ra Edici&oacute;n). Manuales T&eacute;cnicos de AGROCABILDO. Cabildo de Tenerife. 28p.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agrocabildo.org\/publica\/Publicaciones\/papa_686_Manejo.pdf\">https:\/\/www.agrocabildo.org\/publica\/Publicaciones\/papa_686_Manejo.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Acu&ntilde;a, I.; Sandoval, C.; Sep&uacute;lveda. 2021. Enfermedades de la papa: Plataforma de evaluaci&oacute;n de riesgo sanitario. INIA, Chile. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/enfermedadespapa.inia.cl\/\">http:\/\/enfermedadespapa.inia.cl<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">CORTEVA. 2022. Cultivo de papa: Enfermedades, Insectos plaga y Nem&aacute;todos. Manuales T&eacute;cnicos de&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CORTEVA Agriscience. Colombia 20p.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteva.co\/productos-y-soluciones\/proteccion-de-cultivos\/enfermedades-y-plagas-en-papa.html\">https:\/\/www.corteva.co\/productos-y-soluciones\/proteccion-de-cultivos\/enfermedades-y-plagas-en-papa.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Acu&ntilde;a I., y C&aacute;diz F.,&nbsp;(2011)&nbsp;Reconocimiento y Manejo del Tiz&oacute;n Temprano de la Papa. INIA, Chile.<\/span>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14001\/4735\">https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14001\/4735<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2024-04-05 10:13:26","updated":"2024-09-13 09:33:08","published":"2024-04-05 13:28:59","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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Una de las grandes limitantes en la producción de papa son los problemas fitosanitarios o de enfermedades, que afectan plantas y tubérculos, generando pérdidas en los rendimientos y en la calidad del producto cosechado. Los daños ocasionados pueden ser totales o parciales, produciendo grandes pérdidas económicas a los productores.","fb_desc":"La papa (Solanum tuberosum) es de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial. Una de las grandes limitantes en la producción de papa son los problemas fitosanitarios o de enfermedades, que afectan plantas y tubérculos, generando pérdidas en los rendimientos y en la calidad del producto cosechado. Los daños ocasionados pueden ser totales o parciales, produciendo grandes pérdidas económicas a los productores.","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/PAPA_Mesa%20de%20trabajo%201%20copia%202.jpg","fb_thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Manejo-integrado-.jpg","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"enfermedades en papa, solanum, tubérculos, papa, enfermedades","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/142. Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades en Cultivo de papa.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><em>Autor: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La papa <em>(Solanum tuberosum)<\/em> es de los cultivos m&aacute;s importantes a nivel mundial. Una de las grandes limitantes en la producci&oacute;n de papa son los problemas fitosanitarios o de enfermedades, que afectan plantas y tub&eacute;rculos, generando p&eacute;rdidas en los rendimientos y en la calidad del producto cosechado. Los da&ntilde;os ocasionados pueden ser totales o parciales, produciendo grandes p&eacute;rdidas econ&oacute;micas a los productores.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Reconocimiento y Diagn&oacute;stico.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El primer paso para el manejo correcto de una enfermedad es conocer el agente causal de la misma. Por lo tanto, es indispensable el reconocimiento temprano de los s&iacute;ntomas, que nos permite actuar lo m&aacute;s pronto posible para generar un conjunto de recomendaciones que pueden abarcar desde el manejo cultural hasta el control qu&iacute;mico, esto, con el objetivo de minimizar la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad diagnosticada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Si bien, el diagn&oacute;stico es el fundamento t&eacute;cnico y cient&iacute;fico para tomar medidas de manejo r&aacute;pido y oportuno, se debe considerar que para&nbsp;un buen diagn&oacute;stico en lo posible debemos apoyarnos en laboratorios de Diagn&oacute;stico Fitosanitario.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Manejo Cultural.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El manejo cultural consiste en una serie de pr&aacute;cticas agr&iacute;colas, con el fin de controlar y\/o eliminar la enfermedad, para que esta no se expanda a todo el cultivo. Para esto se considera la eliminaci&oacute;n de las fuentes de in&oacute;culo y todos los manejos agron&oacute;micos durante el cultivo, a la cosecha y en almacenamiento que favorezcan un cultivo sano y vigoroso. Algunos de los manejos culturales se describen a continuaci&oacute;n:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de semilla certificada<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Eliminar restos de papas de almacenamiento, cosecha y selecci&oacute;n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Desinfecci&oacute;n de herramientas y equipos de trabajo<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cosechar con ambiente seco<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Ventilaci&oacute;n adecuada de los almacenes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Destruir y eliminar el follaje infectado<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tener un buen drenaje<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Principales enfermedades en papa<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las enfermedades que afectan a la papa atacan principalmente: ra&iacute;ces, tub&eacute;rculo y hojas; las cuales se llegan a presentar principalmente durante su crecimiento, afectando la formaci&oacute;n adecuada del tub&eacute;rculo. Algunas de estas enfermedades son:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tiz&oacute;n tard&iacute;o (<em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Costra negra, Rhizoctoniasis de la papa (<em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tiz&oacute;n temprano (<em>Alternaria solani<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Sarna polvorosa de la papa (<em>Spongospera subterr&aacute;nea<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pie negro o pudrici&oacute;n blanca (<em>Erwinia carotovora<\/em>)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Tiz&oacute;n tard&iacute;o (<em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Es la enfermedad m&aacute;s devastadora del cultivo. Ataca hojas, tallos en cualquier fase de desarrollo y ocasionalmente tub&eacute;rculos. Se dispersa muy r&aacute;pido, especialmente en zonas h&uacute;medas de temperatura caliente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las condiciones ambientales que la favorecen son: humedad elevada (alta humedad relativa) y temperaturas entre 18 y 22&deg;C.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Manchas en hojas por phytophthora infestans\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Manchas.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 1: Manchas en el haz de las hojas por <em>Phytophthora infestans<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Perera y de Tenerife, 2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Peque&ntilde;as manchas marr&oacute;n o negro, de apariencia h&uacute;meda, que van creciendo desde los bordes o el &aacute;pice hacia el centro del foliolo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las manchas suelen presentar un halo amarillento o verde claro.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Bajo condiciones de alta humedad se observa un tejido blanco y filamentoso por el env&eacute;s de las hojas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Usualmente en los tallos se aprecian manchas de color caf&eacute;.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de semillas sana, variedades con tolerancia a la enfermedad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Eliminaci&oacute;n de residuos de cosechas anteriores.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Si se utiliza riego por aspersi&oacute;n, evitar hacerlo hacia el medio d&iacute;a para evitar las altas temperaturas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Realizar el surcado con espaciamiento no menor a 1 metro.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Realizar el control qu&iacute;mico de manera preventiva.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Costra negra, Rhizoctoniasis de la papa (<em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Genera la formaci&oacute;n de&nbsp;tub&eacute;rculos deformes con protuberancias y costras negras&nbsp;que disminuyen significativamente su calidad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La temperatura &oacute;ptima para su crecimiento son 18 &deg;C, favorecida por la alta humedad en el suelo y en el ambiente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Las costras negras afectan los estolones o brotes del tub&eacute;rculo causando&nbsp;manchas&nbsp;y&nbsp;chancros&nbsp;de color caf&eacute; - rojizo, y pueden causar la muerte de los puntos de crecimiento.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:18pt; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Chancros (deformaciones y decapitaciones) en brotes y estolones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Manchas negras cubiertas por estructuras algodonosas de color blanco en la base de las plantas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Costras negras sobre los tub&eacute;rculos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tub&eacute;rculos a&eacute;reos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Retraso en el desarrollo de las plantas, enrollamiento del &aacute;pice y necrosis del tejido le&ntilde;oso.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:18pt; text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotaci&oacute;n del cultivo, preferiblemente con cereales durante un tiempo m&iacute;nimo de tres a&ntilde;os.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de semillas sanas certificadas, de muy buena calidad y previamente tratadas con fungicidas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Siembra poco profunda, para permitir una r&aacute;pida emergencia, reduciendo el da&ntilde;o a los nuevos brotes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Eliminaci&oacute;n de residuos de cosechas anteriores, especialmente tub&eacute;rculos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de fungicidas en las etapas de&nbsp;almacenamiento, siembra&nbsp;y&nbsp;desinfecci&oacute;n&nbsp;del suelo en el surco.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Rhizoctonia solani\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/costras-negras.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2: Costras negras en papa debido a la contaminaci&oacute;n por <em>Rhizoctonia solani<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Perera y de Tenerife, 2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Tiz&oacute;n temprano (<em>Alternaria solani<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Enfermedad principalmente del follaje que se presenta desde los 90 d&iacute;as posteriores a la siembra en adelante. Se ve favorecido por la humedad y temperaturas por encima de los 25&deg;.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">En zonas donde se utiliza riego por aspersi&oacute;n el pat&oacute;geno ejerce una mayor presi&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El inoculo sobrevive de un a&ntilde;o a otro como micelio o esporas en restos de plantas o sobre la superficie del suelo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Da&ntilde;os foliares en forma de manchas circulares conc&eacute;ntricas, de color pardo oscuro, rodeadas por halo clor&oacute;tico que no sobrepasa las nervaduras de las hojas. Bajo condiciones de sequedad, el tejido afectado se agrieta, dejando perforaciones en las hojas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Lesiones similares en los tallos, torn&aacute;ndose quebradizos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Lesiones de color oscuro en los tub&eacute;rculos, se distribuyen de forma irregular sobre la superficie y se proyectan hacia el interior hasta tres cent&iacute;metros.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evita humedad excesiva sobre el follaje en zonas donde se utilice riego por aspersi&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de fungicidas preventivos y sist&eacute;micos cuando aparecen los primeros s&iacute;ntomas en la planta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Alternario solani\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Alternaria.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 3: Manchas en hojas provocadas por <em>Alternaria solani<\/em> <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Perera y Trujillo, 2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Sarna polvorosa de la papa (<em>Spongospera subterr&aacute;nea<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Afecta tub&eacute;rculos, ra&iacute;ces y estolones. Las estructuras reproductivas del hongo pueden sobrevivir en el suelo durante varios a&ntilde;os.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Suelos con alta humedad, altos contenidos de materia org&aacute;nica y bajas temperaturas son condiciones favorables al desarrollo de la enfermedad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Peque&ntilde;as ampollas de 0.5 a 2.0 mm de di&aacute;metro en sus primeras etapas de desarrollo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Agallas o tumores lisos de 0.5 a 1.5 cm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">P&uacute;stulas abiertas, de color prado claro a pardo oscuro predominan en los tub&eacute;rculos afectados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Usar semillas sanas certificadas, de muy buena calidad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Usar materia org&aacute;nica bien descompuesta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evitar los encharcamientos en las &aacute;reas de cultivo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evitar la humedad excesiva sobre el follaje en zonas donde se utilice riego por aspersi&oacute;n.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evitar la siembra del cultivo en lotes que ya est&eacute;n contaminados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Tratar la semilla con fungicidas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Sarna polvorosa de la papa \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Lesiones.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 4: Lesiones en papa provocadas por la sarna polvorosa de la papa.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Perera y Trujillo, 2019.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Pie negro o pudrici&oacute;n blanca <em>(Erwinia carotovora)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Caracter&iacute;sticas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Enfermedad bacteriana que ataca varias estructuras de la planta como hojas, tallos y tub&eacute;rculos. Esta bacteria puede estar presente en el tub&eacute;rculo, a veces sin expresar s&iacute;ntomas, pero sigue viva y puede activarse cuando las condiciones de humedad y temperatura son favorables para su desarrollo y multiplicaci&oacute;n. A menudo, lesiones negras y mucilaginosas van ascendiendo por el tallo desde un tub&eacute;rculo-semilla con pudrici&oacute;n blanda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Pudrici&oacute;n de color negro que inicia en el tub&eacute;rculo y se extiende hacia arriba por el tallo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Oscurecimiento de los haces vasculares y si se hace un corte transversal al tallo, se nota la exudaci&oacute;n de un mucilago gris-casta&ntilde;o.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Decoloraci&oacute;n vascular de los tub&eacute;rculos que puede extenderse desde el xilema hacia la m&eacute;dula y la corteza.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Marchitez severa y sequedad son s&iacute;ntomas avanzados que preceden a la muerte de la planta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Manejo <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos (m&eacute;todo m&aacute;s eficaz).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Uso de semillas sanas certificadas, de muy buena calidad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Almacenar los tub&eacute;rculos en sitios secos, ventilados y con luz difusa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Desinfectar las herramientas de trabajo peri&oacute;dicamente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Evitar la siembra del cultivo en lotes que ya est&eacute;n contaminados.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"Erwinia carotovora\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art745-enfermedades-papa\/Erwnia.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(204, 0, 0); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 5: Los tallos resultan ser muy afectados por la presencia de <em>Erwnia carotovora<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: CORTEVA<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Cita correcta de este articulo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2024. Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades en Cultivo de Papa. Serie Fitosanidad, N&uacute;m. 142. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 6 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Literatura consultada <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Perera y Trujillo, (2019). Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Enfermedades en Cultivos de Papas. 4-14 (3ra Edici&oacute;n). Manuales T&eacute;cnicos de AGROCABILDO. Cabildo de Tenerife. 28p.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agrocabildo.org\/publica\/Publicaciones\/papa_686_Manejo.pdf\">https:\/\/www.agrocabildo.org\/publica\/Publicaciones\/papa_686_Manejo.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Acu&ntilde;a, I.; Sandoval, C.; Sep&uacute;lveda. 2021. Enfermedades de la papa: Plataforma de evaluaci&oacute;n de riesgo sanitario. INIA, Chile. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/enfermedadespapa.inia.cl\/\">http:\/\/enfermedadespapa.inia.cl<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">CORTEVA. 2022. Cultivo de papa: Enfermedades, Insectos plaga y Nem&aacute;todos. Manuales T&eacute;cnicos de&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CORTEVA Agriscience. Colombia 20p.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.corteva.co\/productos-y-soluciones\/proteccion-de-cultivos\/enfermedades-y-plagas-en-papa.html\">https:\/\/www.corteva.co\/productos-y-soluciones\/proteccion-de-cultivos\/enfermedades-y-plagas-en-papa.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Acu&ntilde;a I., y C&aacute;diz F.,&nbsp;(2011)&nbsp;Reconocimiento y Manejo del Tiz&oacute;n Temprano de la Papa. INIA, Chile.<\/span>&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14001\/4735\">https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14001\/4735<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2024-04-05 10:13:26","updated":"2024-09-13 09:33:08","published":"2024-04-05 13:28:59","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"manejo-integrado-de-enfermedades-en-cultivo-de-papa","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"manejo-integrado-de-enfermedades-en-cultivo-de-papa","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}