{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":289,"views":110337,"title":"Manejo de Botrytis cinerea en el Cultivo de Fresa","fb_title":"","link":"manejo-de-botrytis-cinerea-en-el-cultivo-de-fresa","desc":"Una de las enfermedades más importantes de la fresa es el moho gris o podredumbre de la fruta, causado por el hongo Botrytis cinerea, el cual puede provocar pérdidas superiores al 50 % de la producción. Botrytis cinerea es un hongo versátil capaz de crecer y reproducirse en tejidos dañados, senescentes y muertos del cultivo de la fresa.  Para el control efectivo del moho gris, los productores deben implementar, cuanto antes, prácticas de manejo integrado que incluyan aplicaciones a tiempo de fungicidas en combinación con una variedad de prácticas culturales","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art300-manejo-botrytis\/Botrytis%20cinerea.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":",12,","keywords":"Botrytis,Hongo,Fresa,Strawberry,Berries,Moho,Gris,Podredumbre,Fungicidas,Inóculo,Espora,Conidio,Humedad,Tejido,Estolones,Proliferacion,Aireación,Acolchado,Fruta,Maduración","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/60. Manejo de Botrytis cinerea en el Cultivo de Fresa.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Una de las enfermedades m&aacute;s importantes de la fresa es el moho gris o podredumbre de la fruta, causado por el hongo <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>, el cual puede provocar p&eacute;rdidas superiores al 50 % de la producci&oacute;n. <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em> es un hongo vers&aacute;til capaz de crecer y reproducirse en tejidos da&ntilde;ados, senescentes y muertos del cultivo de la fresa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FF0000\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El hongo puede infectar p&eacute;talos, ped&uacute;nculos y frutos. El hongo se establece inicialmente en las hojas o flores que han sido da&ntilde;adas por condiciones ambientales, pr&aacute;cticas de manejo u otras causas. Las hojas nuevas que son infectadas suelen no mostrar s&iacute;ntomas debido a que el hongo permanece inactivo (latente) en estos tejidos, sin embargo, al madurar el hongo puede activarse y producir una cubierta aterciopelada gris en las partes necr&oacute;ticas de la hoja. El in&oacute;culo producido en estos tejidos a continuaci&oacute;n, se extiende a otras flores y frutos susceptibles, especialmente los j&oacute;venes. Las flores sintom&aacute;ticas muestran lesiones de color caf&eacute; en los p&eacute;talos y el ped&uacute;nculo de la flor; y los s&iacute;ntomas iniciales en la fruta son la aparici&oacute;n de manchas de color marr&oacute;n claro y zonas acuosas. Posteriormente los tejidos afectados se cubren de un polvo gris (conidios) y la planta toma un aspecto blanco &ldquo;momificado&rdquo;. La infecci&oacute;n de la fruta es m&aacute;s grave en zonas con poca ventilaci&oacute;n y luz, y alta humedad relativa; adem&aacute;s, los frutos que se encuentran en contacto con el suelo o con frutos podridos son los m&aacute;s afectados. La fruta infectada puede producirse en el campo antes de la cosecha o durante el transporte o almacenamiento del mismo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\"><img alt=\" Fresa \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art300-manejo-botrytis\/Fresa.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#A5DF00; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 1. Fresa: Flor necrosada por Botrytis cinerea (A); Deterioro color café de la fruta y el pedúnculo que resulta de la infección de la flor (B); Coloración marrón claro en la fruta asociada con las primeras etapas de Botrytis cinerea (C). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: UF GCREC (A); koike y Bolda (B); Donald M. Ferrin (C). \r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El pat&oacute;geno poder ser introducido a los campos por diferentes medios: material de trasplante contaminado (estolones), estructuras invernales (esclerocios) que sobreviven en el suelo o residuos de plantas no recogidas en campo y cultivos contaminados adyacentes a los campos. Las esporas del hongo son f&aacute;cilmente dispersadas por el aire, salpicaduras de agua y por actividad f&iacute;sica-mec&aacute;nica de las pr&aacute;cticas culturales.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Las condiciones que favorecen la proliferaci&oacute;n del hongo son ambientes frescos y h&uacute;medos, donde la temperatura &oacute;ptima para una producci&oacute;n alta de esporas va de los 15 a los 22 &deg;C.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Para el control efectivo de <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>, los productores deben implementar, cuanto antes, pr&aacute;cticas de manejo integrado que incluyan aplicaciones a tiempo de fungicidas en combinaci&oacute;n con una variedad de pr&aacute;cticas culturales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <\/p>\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Etapas \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art300-manejo-botrytis\/Etapa-avanzada.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #A5DF00; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 2. En etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad, la fruta infectada se cubre completamente con Botrytis, adquiriendo un aspecto momificado.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: Donald M. Ferrin.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FF0000\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>- Control cultural <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El manejo de la densidad de plantaci&oacute;n es fundamental y se debe procurar tener una distribuci&oacute;n que permita la aireaci&oacute;n efectiva entre las plantas. La selecci&oacute;n de variedades que no producen follaje extensivo y que desarrollan flores y frutas con porte erguido, permite que la fruta quede expuesta a mayor aireaci&oacute;n y radiaci&oacute;n, reduciendo las condiciones favorables para el desarrollo del hongo. Tambi&eacute;n se debe quitar y destruir toda materia muerta o infectada, como hojas senescentes o frutos da&ntilde;ados, as&iacute; como eliminar los residuos de cosecha del ciclo previo, con el objetivo de reducir la cantidad de in&oacute;culo capaz de producir nuevas infecciones. Durante la cosecha se debe quitar toda la fruta madura y aquellas que tengan se&ntilde;ales de descomposici&oacute;n o da&ntilde;o por frio u otras causas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El uso de riego por goteo es una herramienta que permite reducir las condiciones propicias para el desarrollo del moho gris. El establecimiento del cultivo bajo cubierta (macrot&uacute;neles), puede reducir la podredumbre de la fruta al disminuir la humedad relativa y hojas h&uacute;medas por el roci&oacute;, adem&aacute;s de minimizar da&ntilde;os por lluvia o heladas. Por otro lado, el uso de pl&aacute;stico en las camas previene el contacto de la fruta con el suelo, reduciendo la incidencia de la enfermedad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La fresa es una fruta extremadamente sensible al da&ntilde;o; en este sentido, minimizar las lesiones en la fruta durante la cosecha y el empaque es esencial para evitar la proliferaci&oacute;n de la enfermedad durante la etapa post-cosecha. Durante el manejo post-cosecha es esencial enfriar inmediatamente la fruta a 0 o 3 &deg;C, y mantener almacenada la fruta a temperaturas bajas que impidan condiciones &oacute;ptimas para el crecimiento del moho gris.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FF0000\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>- Control qu&iacute;mico<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Es el m&eacute;todo m&aacute;s utilizado para el control del moho gris en los sistemas de producci&oacute;n convencionales. Para el uso de esta estrategia se recomienda el monitoreo de los campos de cultivo y de las condiciones ambientales, mismas que permitir&aacute;n decisiones acertadas para las aplicaciones preventivas de fungicidas. Un fungicida protector previene la germinaci&oacute;n de las esporas cuando se presentan condiciones ideales para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Un buen programa de aplicaciones de fungicidas es aquel que es dise&ntilde;ado con aplicaciones preventivas y curativas a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo, donde se incluyan rotaciones y mezclas de productos con distintos modos de acci&oacute;n. Se recomienda el uso de ingredientes activos con actividad multi-sitio contra varias v&iacute;as metab&oacute;licas del pat&oacute;geno y evitar en la medida de lo posible, la utilizaci&oacute;n de fungicidas con modos de acci&oacute;n de sitio-&uacute;nico, puesto que son m&aacute;s susceptibles al desarrollo de resistencia de parte del hongo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Combinar los m&eacute;todos qu&iacute;micos con pr&aacute;cticas de manejo coadyuvar&aacute; a disminuir notablemente la incidencia de la enfermedad, lo que permitir&aacute; tener frutas con alta sanidad e inocuidad que garantice productos de calidad para el mercado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FF0000\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Literatura consultada<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Ferrin, D.M. <em>Botrytis<\/em> Fruit Rot (Gray Mold) of Strawberries. Disease Identification and Management Series. Louisiana Plant Pathology. Pub. 3179.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Koike, S.T.;&nbsp; Bolda, M. 2016. El Moho Gris, o Pudrici&oacute;n de Fresa. UC Cooperative Extension. Publicaci&oacute;n # 13. E<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Mertely J.C.; Peres N.A. 2009. <em>Botrytis<\/em> Fruit Rot or Gray Mold of Strawberry. Plant Pathology Department. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/cursos\/diplomados\/diplomado-internacional-en-cultivos-de-berries\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Diplomado Internacional en Cultivo de Berries\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/diplomados-y-maestrias\/diplomado%20berries\/Banner-diplo-berries-octubre.jpg\" style=\"height:411px; width:960px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-08-31 12:34:44","updated":"2018-01-19 07:53:44","published":"2016-08-31 12:43:02","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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Botrytis cinerea es un hongo versátil capaz de crecer y reproducirse en tejidos dañados, senescentes y muertos del cultivo de la fresa.  Para el control efectivo del moho gris, los productores deben implementar, cuanto antes, prácticas de manejo integrado que incluyan aplicaciones a tiempo de fungicidas en combinación con una variedad de prácticas culturales","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art300-manejo-botrytis\/Botrytis%20cinerea.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":",12,","keywords":"Botrytis,Hongo,Fresa,Strawberry,Berries,Moho,Gris,Podredumbre,Fungicidas,Inóculo,Espora,Conidio,Humedad,Tejido,Estolones,Proliferacion,Aireación,Acolchado,Fruta,Maduración","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/60. Manejo de Botrytis cinerea en el Cultivo de Fresa.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Una de las enfermedades m&aacute;s importantes de la fresa es el moho gris o podredumbre de la fruta, causado por el hongo <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>, el cual puede provocar p&eacute;rdidas superiores al 50 % de la producci&oacute;n. <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em> es un hongo vers&aacute;til capaz de crecer y reproducirse en tejidos da&ntilde;ados, senescentes y muertos del cultivo de la fresa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FF0000\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El hongo puede infectar p&eacute;talos, ped&uacute;nculos y frutos. El hongo se establece inicialmente en las hojas o flores que han sido da&ntilde;adas por condiciones ambientales, pr&aacute;cticas de manejo u otras causas. Las hojas nuevas que son infectadas suelen no mostrar s&iacute;ntomas debido a que el hongo permanece inactivo (latente) en estos tejidos, sin embargo, al madurar el hongo puede activarse y producir una cubierta aterciopelada gris en las partes necr&oacute;ticas de la hoja. El in&oacute;culo producido en estos tejidos a continuaci&oacute;n, se extiende a otras flores y frutos susceptibles, especialmente los j&oacute;venes. Las flores sintom&aacute;ticas muestran lesiones de color caf&eacute; en los p&eacute;talos y el ped&uacute;nculo de la flor; y los s&iacute;ntomas iniciales en la fruta son la aparici&oacute;n de manchas de color marr&oacute;n claro y zonas acuosas. Posteriormente los tejidos afectados se cubren de un polvo gris (conidios) y la planta toma un aspecto blanco &ldquo;momificado&rdquo;. La infecci&oacute;n de la fruta es m&aacute;s grave en zonas con poca ventilaci&oacute;n y luz, y alta humedad relativa; adem&aacute;s, los frutos que se encuentran en contacto con el suelo o con frutos podridos son los m&aacute;s afectados. La fruta infectada puede producirse en el campo antes de la cosecha o durante el transporte o almacenamiento del mismo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\"><img alt=\" Fresa \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art300-manejo-botrytis\/Fresa.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#A5DF00; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 1. Fresa: Flor necrosada por Botrytis cinerea (A); Deterioro color café de la fruta y el pedúnculo que resulta de la infección de la flor (B); Coloración marrón claro en la fruta asociada con las primeras etapas de Botrytis cinerea (C). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: UF GCREC (A); koike y Bolda (B); Donald M. Ferrin (C). \r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El pat&oacute;geno poder ser introducido a los campos por diferentes medios: material de trasplante contaminado (estolones), estructuras invernales (esclerocios) que sobreviven en el suelo o residuos de plantas no recogidas en campo y cultivos contaminados adyacentes a los campos. Las esporas del hongo son f&aacute;cilmente dispersadas por el aire, salpicaduras de agua y por actividad f&iacute;sica-mec&aacute;nica de las pr&aacute;cticas culturales.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Las condiciones que favorecen la proliferaci&oacute;n del hongo son ambientes frescos y h&uacute;medos, donde la temperatura &oacute;ptima para una producci&oacute;n alta de esporas va de los 15 a los 22 &deg;C.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Para el control efectivo de <em>Botrytis cinerea<\/em>, los productores deben implementar, cuanto antes, pr&aacute;cticas de manejo integrado que incluyan aplicaciones a tiempo de fungicidas en combinaci&oacute;n con una variedad de pr&aacute;cticas culturales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <\/p>\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Etapas \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art300-manejo-botrytis\/Etapa-avanzada.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #A5DF00; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 2. En etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad, la fruta infectada se cubre completamente con Botrytis, adquiriendo un aspecto momificado.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: Donald M. Ferrin.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FF0000\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>- Control cultural <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El manejo de la densidad de plantaci&oacute;n es fundamental y se debe procurar tener una distribuci&oacute;n que permita la aireaci&oacute;n efectiva entre las plantas. La selecci&oacute;n de variedades que no producen follaje extensivo y que desarrollan flores y frutas con porte erguido, permite que la fruta quede expuesta a mayor aireaci&oacute;n y radiaci&oacute;n, reduciendo las condiciones favorables para el desarrollo del hongo. Tambi&eacute;n se debe quitar y destruir toda materia muerta o infectada, como hojas senescentes o frutos da&ntilde;ados, as&iacute; como eliminar los residuos de cosecha del ciclo previo, con el objetivo de reducir la cantidad de in&oacute;culo capaz de producir nuevas infecciones. Durante la cosecha se debe quitar toda la fruta madura y aquellas que tengan se&ntilde;ales de descomposici&oacute;n o da&ntilde;o por frio u otras causas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El uso de riego por goteo es una herramienta que permite reducir las condiciones propicias para el desarrollo del moho gris. El establecimiento del cultivo bajo cubierta (macrot&uacute;neles), puede reducir la podredumbre de la fruta al disminuir la humedad relativa y hojas h&uacute;medas por el roci&oacute;, adem&aacute;s de minimizar da&ntilde;os por lluvia o heladas. Por otro lado, el uso de pl&aacute;stico en las camas previene el contacto de la fruta con el suelo, reduciendo la incidencia de la enfermedad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La fresa es una fruta extremadamente sensible al da&ntilde;o; en este sentido, minimizar las lesiones en la fruta durante la cosecha y el empaque es esencial para evitar la proliferaci&oacute;n de la enfermedad durante la etapa post-cosecha. Durante el manejo post-cosecha es esencial enfriar inmediatamente la fruta a 0 o 3 &deg;C, y mantener almacenada la fruta a temperaturas bajas que impidan condiciones &oacute;ptimas para el crecimiento del moho gris.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FF0000\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>- Control qu&iacute;mico<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Es el m&eacute;todo m&aacute;s utilizado para el control del moho gris en los sistemas de producci&oacute;n convencionales. Para el uso de esta estrategia se recomienda el monitoreo de los campos de cultivo y de las condiciones ambientales, mismas que permitir&aacute;n decisiones acertadas para las aplicaciones preventivas de fungicidas. Un fungicida protector previene la germinaci&oacute;n de las esporas cuando se presentan condiciones ideales para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Un buen programa de aplicaciones de fungicidas es aquel que es dise&ntilde;ado con aplicaciones preventivas y curativas a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo, donde se incluyan rotaciones y mezclas de productos con distintos modos de acci&oacute;n. Se recomienda el uso de ingredientes activos con actividad multi-sitio contra varias v&iacute;as metab&oacute;licas del pat&oacute;geno y evitar en la medida de lo posible, la utilizaci&oacute;n de fungicidas con modos de acci&oacute;n de sitio-&uacute;nico, puesto que son m&aacute;s susceptibles al desarrollo de resistencia de parte del hongo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Combinar los m&eacute;todos qu&iacute;micos con pr&aacute;cticas de manejo coadyuvar&aacute; a disminuir notablemente la incidencia de la enfermedad, lo que permitir&aacute; tener frutas con alta sanidad e inocuidad que garantice productos de calidad para el mercado.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FF0000\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Literatura consultada<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Ferrin, D.M. <em>Botrytis<\/em> Fruit Rot (Gray Mold) of Strawberries. Disease Identification and Management Series. Louisiana Plant Pathology. Pub. 3179.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Koike, S.T.;&nbsp; Bolda, M. 2016. El Moho Gris, o Pudrici&oacute;n de Fresa. UC Cooperative Extension. Publicaci&oacute;n # 13. E<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Mertely J.C.; Peres N.A. 2009. <em>Botrytis<\/em> Fruit Rot or Gray Mold of Strawberry. Plant Pathology Department. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/cursos\/diplomados\/diplomado-internacional-en-cultivos-de-berries\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Diplomado Internacional en Cultivo de Berries\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/diplomados-y-maestrias\/diplomado%20berries\/Banner-diplo-berries-octubre.jpg\" style=\"height:411px; width:960px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-08-31 12:34:44","updated":"2018-01-19 07:53:44","published":"2016-08-31 12:43:02","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"manejo-de-botrytis-cinerea-en-el-cultivo-de-fresa","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"manejo-de-botrytis-cinerea-en-el-cultivo-de-fresa","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}