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Una de las principales causas de la reducción del rendimiento en el cultivo de maíz es la incidencia de plagas, ya que a pesar de contar en la actualidad con mejores prácticas de protección del cultivo, existen aún pérdidas de hasta el 31 % por el ataque de plagas en conjunto con algunas enfermedades. Para ayudar a mitigar esta problemática es necesario contar con el conocimiento suficiente sobre la fenología del cultivo que permita predecir los momentos críticos de incidencia de cada una de las plagas y con ello establecer el método de control más efectivo que garantice el adecuado desarrollo del cultivo.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 1. Etapas fenológicas de la fase vegetativa y reproductiva del maíz.<\/strong> Fuente: Emerson Nafziger.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/br>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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¿Para qué nos sirve conocer la fenología del maíz en el control de plagas?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 2. Incidencia de dos generaciones de gusano cogollero sobre el maíz en relación a las etapas fenológicas del cultivo.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Valdez et al., 2012. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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El desarrollo fenológico del maíz se refiere al ritmo de crecimiento vegetativo y reproductivo expresado en función de los cambios morfológicos y fisiológicos de la planta, relacionados con el ambiente. Conocer dicho comportamiento de desarrollo del cultivo permitirá un pronóstico de la incidencia de plagas, lo cual se vuelve esencial al momento de planificar, estructurar y aplicar algún programa de manejo integrado de plagas, ya que el grado de susceptibilidad del cultivo a los daños causados por las plagas dependerá de su estado de desarrollo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El conocimiento sobre la presencia de plagas de acuerdo al estado de desarrollo de la planta, puede servirle al técnico o productor para determinar los niveles de daño económico y concentrar los esfuerzos en monitoreo, detección y control, más eficientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Con lo anterior, se puede evaluar con mayor precisión el ataque de una plaga en particular y las posibles medidas de manejo.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

Incidencia de plagas en relación a la fenología del maíz <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fase vegetativa.<\/strong> Esta fase inicia desde la siembra y dura hasta poco antes de que aparezcan las estructuras reproductivas, es decir, cuando se comienza a visualizar la espiga del maíz (flor masculina). Durante la etapa de plántula cualquier daño al follaje o a las raíces es crítico y pone en riesgo la supervivencia de las plántulas. En la fase vegetativa la mayor parte de la energía se dirige a la formación de follaje; por tanto, la planta tiene cierta tolerancia a la pérdida de follaje a causa del ataque de alguna plaga. Durante este crecimiento vegetativo predominan plagas como trips (Frankiniella williamsi<\/em>), larvas de diabróticas (Diabrotica virgifera zeae<\/em>), gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda<\/em>), gusano soldado (Spodoptera exigua<\/em>), gusano trozador (Agrotis<\/em> sp.), gusano de alambre (Agriotes<\/em> sp.), gallina ciega (Phyllophaga <\/em>sp., Cyclocephala<\/em> sp., Diplotaxis<\/em> sp., Anomala<\/em> sp. y Macrodactylus <\/em>sp.), picudo (Geraeus senilis<\/em>), chapulín (Sphenarium purpurascens<\/em>) y araña roja (Oligonychus mexicanus<\/em> y Tetranychus<\/em> sp.) (Figura 3).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 3. Incidencia de principales plagas en relación con el desarrollo fenológico del cultivo de maíz. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: CESAVEG, 2008. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

Fase reproductiva.<\/strong> Inicia cuando se visualiza la espiga del maíz y termina hasta que se tiene la madurez fisiológica del cultivo (capa negra en el punto de inserción del grano con el olote). Durante esta etapa se presentan plagas como el picudo, chapulín, araña roja y gusano elotero (Helicoverpa zea<\/em>) (Figura 3). La incidencia de plagas durante el crecimiento vegetativo se ve reflejada en la fase reproductiva del maíz, llegando a causar grandes pérdidas en el potencial de rendimiento, debido a la reducción en el abasto de fotosintatos para el crecimiento de los granos.  El ataque de gusano elotero a los granos de maíz puede ocasionar una infección por el hongo Aspergillus flavus<\/em>, el cual es responsable de la producción de aflatoxinas, sustancias altamente cancerígenas para el hombre.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fuentes consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Valdez T., J. B.; Soto L., F.;  Osuna E., T.; Báez S., M. A. 2012. Modelos de Predicción Fenológica para Maíz Blanco (Zea mays <\/em>L.) y Gusano Cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda<\/em> J. E. Smith). Rev. Agrociencia 46 (4). 399-410 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

CESAVEG. 2008. Campaña de Manejo Fitosanitario de Maíz. Comité Estatal de Sanidad Vegetal Guanajuato. Guanajuato, México. 20 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Kumudini, S.; Tollenaar, T. 1998. Corn Phenology. University of Guelph. 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Conocer dicho comportamiento de desarrollo del cultivo permitirá un pronóstico de la incidencia de plagas, lo cual se vuelve esencial al momento de planificar, estructurar y aplicar algún programa de manejo integrado de plagas, ya que el grado de susceptibilidad del cultivo a los daños causados por las plagas dependerá de su estado de desarrollo.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art291-fenologia-maiz\/PLAGAS-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":",9,","keywords":"maíz,corn,fenología,fase,etapa,reproductiva,vegetativa,incidencia,plagas,gusano,cogollero,soldado,elotero,trips,araña,roja,control,monitoreo,daño","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/55. La Fenologia del Maiz y su Relacion con la Incidencia de Plagas.pdf","text":"

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Una de las principales causas de la reducción del rendimiento en el cultivo de maíz es la incidencia de plagas, ya que a pesar de contar en la actualidad con mejores prácticas de protección del cultivo, existen aún pérdidas de hasta el 31 % por el ataque de plagas en conjunto con algunas enfermedades. Para ayudar a mitigar esta problemática es necesario contar con el conocimiento suficiente sobre la fenología del cultivo que permita predecir los momentos críticos de incidencia de cada una de las plagas y con ello establecer el método de control más efectivo que garantice el adecuado desarrollo del cultivo.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 1. Etapas fenológicas de la fase vegetativa y reproductiva del maíz.<\/strong> Fuente: Emerson Nafziger.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/br>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

 <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n
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<\/br>\r\n

¿Para qué nos sirve conocer la fenología del maíz en el control de plagas?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 2. Incidencia de dos generaciones de gusano cogollero sobre el maíz en relación a las etapas fenológicas del cultivo.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Valdez et al., 2012. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

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El desarrollo fenológico del maíz se refiere al ritmo de crecimiento vegetativo y reproductivo expresado en función de los cambios morfológicos y fisiológicos de la planta, relacionados con el ambiente. Conocer dicho comportamiento de desarrollo del cultivo permitirá un pronóstico de la incidencia de plagas, lo cual se vuelve esencial al momento de planificar, estructurar y aplicar algún programa de manejo integrado de plagas, ya que el grado de susceptibilidad del cultivo a los daños causados por las plagas dependerá de su estado de desarrollo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El conocimiento sobre la presencia de plagas de acuerdo al estado de desarrollo de la planta, puede servirle al técnico o productor para determinar los niveles de daño económico y concentrar los esfuerzos en monitoreo, detección y control, más eficientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Con lo anterior, se puede evaluar con mayor precisión el ataque de una plaga en particular y las posibles medidas de manejo.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

Incidencia de plagas en relación a la fenología del maíz <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fase vegetativa.<\/strong> Esta fase inicia desde la siembra y dura hasta poco antes de que aparezcan las estructuras reproductivas, es decir, cuando se comienza a visualizar la espiga del maíz (flor masculina). Durante la etapa de plántula cualquier daño al follaje o a las raíces es crítico y pone en riesgo la supervivencia de las plántulas. En la fase vegetativa la mayor parte de la energía se dirige a la formación de follaje; por tanto, la planta tiene cierta tolerancia a la pérdida de follaje a causa del ataque de alguna plaga. Durante este crecimiento vegetativo predominan plagas como trips (Frankiniella williamsi<\/em>), larvas de diabróticas (Diabrotica virgifera zeae<\/em>), gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda<\/em>), gusano soldado (Spodoptera exigua<\/em>), gusano trozador (Agrotis<\/em> sp.), gusano de alambre (Agriotes<\/em> sp.), gallina ciega (Phyllophaga <\/em>sp., Cyclocephala<\/em> sp., Diplotaxis<\/em> sp., Anomala<\/em> sp. y Macrodactylus <\/em>sp.), picudo (Geraeus senilis<\/em>), chapulín (Sphenarium purpurascens<\/em>) y araña roja (Oligonychus mexicanus<\/em> y Tetranychus<\/em> sp.) (Figura 3).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Figura 3. Incidencia de principales plagas en relación con el desarrollo fenológico del cultivo de maíz. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: CESAVEG, 2008. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

Fase reproductiva.<\/strong> Inicia cuando se visualiza la espiga del maíz y termina hasta que se tiene la madurez fisiológica del cultivo (capa negra en el punto de inserción del grano con el olote). Durante esta etapa se presentan plagas como el picudo, chapulín, araña roja y gusano elotero (Helicoverpa zea<\/em>) (Figura 3). La incidencia de plagas durante el crecimiento vegetativo se ve reflejada en la fase reproductiva del maíz, llegando a causar grandes pérdidas en el potencial de rendimiento, debido a la reducción en el abasto de fotosintatos para el crecimiento de los granos.  El ataque de gusano elotero a los granos de maíz puede ocasionar una infección por el hongo Aspergillus flavus<\/em>, el cual es responsable de la producción de aflatoxinas, sustancias altamente cancerígenas para el hombre.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Fuentes consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Valdez T., J. B.; Soto L., F.;  Osuna E., T.; Báez S., M. A. 2012. Modelos de Predicción Fenológica para Maíz Blanco (Zea mays <\/em>L.) y Gusano Cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda<\/em> J. E. Smith). Rev. Agrociencia 46 (4). 399-410 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

CESAVEG. 2008. Campaña de Manejo Fitosanitario de Maíz. Comité Estatal de Sanidad Vegetal Guanajuato. Guanajuato, México. 20 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Kumudini, S.; Tollenaar, T. 1998. Corn Phenology. University of Guelph. Canadá.<\/p>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-08-10 19:27:55","updated":"2019-04-23 19:17:32","published":"2016-08-10 19:28:31","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"la-fenologia-del-maiz-y-su-relacion-con-la-incidencia-de-plagas","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"la-fenologia-del-maiz-y-su-relacion-con-la-incidencia-de-plagas","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}