{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":155,"views":168916,"title":"Enfermedades Foliares en Tomate","fb_title":"","link":"enfermedades-foliares-en-tomate","desc":"El tizón temprano es una de las enfermedades  más comunes en el cultivo de tomate, los síntomas generalmente se observan en hojas viejas. Al inicio se manifiestan como lesiones de color marrón hasta tornarse a un color negro; la zona alrededor de las lesiones tiene un color amarillo. Los daños de esta enfermedad pueden llegar hasta la defoliación, lo que sin duda demerita la calidad de la producción.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/Enfermedades%20foliares.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"enfermedades,foliares,tomate","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/28. Enfermedades Foliares en Tomate.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Tiz&oacute;n temprano (<em>Alternaria solani)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Es una de las enfermedades&nbsp; m&aacute;s comunes en el cultivo de tomate, los s&iacute;ntomas generalmente se observan en hojas viejas. Al inicio se manifiestan como lesiones de color marr&oacute;n hasta tornarse a un color negro; la zona alrededor de las lesiones tiene un color amarillo. Los da&ntilde;os de esta enfermedad pueden llegar hasta la defoliaci&oacute;n, lo que sin duda demerita la calidad de la producci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La infecci&oacute;n causada por el hongo es m&aacute;s r&aacute;pida a temperaturas de entre 28 &ndash; 30 &deg;C con condiciones de alta humedad relativa. La diseminaci&oacute;n de este hongo es principalmente por el viento y por salpicaduras de lluvia, pasa el invierno en residuos de cultivos infectados hasta que nuevamente tiene las condiciones ambientales para poder germinar e infectar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Síntomas de Tizón temprano (Alternaria solani) en Tomate. \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/sintomas-tizon.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 1. Síntomas de Tizón temprano (Alternaria solani) en Tomate. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Como medidas de control se debe hacer una combinaci&oacute;n de pr&aacute;cticas culturales como las que a continuaci&oacute;n se mencionan:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos, cuidando el correcto control de malas hierbas para evitar que el pat&oacute;geno se hospede en las mismas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Retirar los restos del cultivo de tomate para evitar fuentes de contaminaci&oacute;n en el siguiente ciclo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">En condiciones favorables para el desarrollo del pat&oacute;geno, evitar el riego con aspersi&oacute;n, esto provocar&iacute;a una r&aacute;pida infecci&oacute;n en la planta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Mancha de la hoja (<em>Septoria lycopersici<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Su principal da&ntilde;o ocurre en las hojas y se disemina desde las hojas viejas hasta las hojas j&oacute;venes. Se caracteriza por peque&ntilde;as manchas circulares de hasta 3 mm de di&aacute;metro que puede parecerse a los da&ntilde;os causados por tiz&oacute;n tard&iacute;o o mancha bacteriana, los centros son de color blanco y la orilla se torna de un color negro (manchas m&aacute;s peque&ntilde;as que tiz&oacute;n temprano). En estados avanzados de la enfermedad pueden apreciarse cuerpos fruct&iacute;feros del hongo.<br \/>\r\nEn el control de <em>Septoria <\/em>no existen variedades resistentes al pat&oacute;geno, la rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos es una de las pr&aacute;cticas con las cuales se reduce su incidencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Daños por Septoria lycopersici \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/danios-septoria.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 2. Daños por Septoria lycopersici<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Foto: University of Minnesota .<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Tiz&oacute;n Tard&iacute;o (<em>Phytophthora infestans)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Esta enfermedad&nbsp; se propaga r&aacute;pidamente en el cultivo, sus s&iacute;ntomas se manifiestan como manchas irregulares de color gris con apariencia grasosa, cuando el da&ntilde;o est&aacute; avanzado se observa c&oacute;mo las hojas comienzan a marchitarse y toman un color negro sin desprenderse del tallo, en el env&eacute;s de la hoja se puede apreciar el desarrollo de micelio de color blanco. Adem&aacute;s de las hojas este pat&oacute;geno da&ntilde;a los ped&uacute;nculos, peciolos, tallos, y frutos. Cuando se tiene da&ntilde;o en toda la estructura de la planta&nbsp; ocurre un colapso total de la misma, en frutos se forman manchas obscuras de color marr&oacute;n que terminan en una pudrici&oacute;n total, siendo fuente de inoculo para la propagaci&oacute;n de este pat&oacute;geno.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Daños causados por Phythopthora infestans \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/danios-phythopthora.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 3. Daños causados por Phythopthora infestans en hojas y frutos de tomate.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"> Fotos: University of Tennessee <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/br>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Moho gris (<em>Botrytis cinerea)<\/em> <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Ante cualquier herida en la planta este hongo infecta r&aacute;pidamente y puede afectar en cualquier estado de desarrollo de la planta, provoca un cranco en el tallo, y en hojas produce lesiones de color caf&eacute; oscuro localizadas en el &aacute;pice, en el haz de la hoja se observan anillos conc&eacute;ntricos y un abundante moho por el env&eacute;s, correspondiente a la esporulaci&oacute;n del hongo. En frutos las lesiones son blandas en forma acuosa manifest&aacute;ndose en la uni&oacute;n del ped&uacute;nculo con el fruto, caracterizada&nbsp; por una amplia esporulaci&oacute;n. La alta humedad relativa y elevada temperatura son condiciones propicias para el desarrollo del pat&oacute;geno, la aireaci&oacute;n es un factor importante a considerar en el control de este pat&oacute;geno. La poda y el deshoje son dos pr&aacute;cticas importantes para mejorar la aireaci&oacute;n en el cultivo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Daños causados por Botrytis cinerea \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/danios-botrytis.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 4. Daños causados por Botrytis cinerea en fruto y tallo de tomate.                       <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Foto: Rafael Elizondo Pastén.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Moho de la hoja (<em>Fulvia fulva<\/em>) <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los s&iacute;ntomas de esta enfermedad son manchas circulares y angulares de color amarillo en las hojas. En el env&eacute;s se observa un color verde tenue. Estas manchas pueden llegar a cubrir toda la hoja y como resultado las hojas mueren y se caen. Estos s&iacute;ntomas se localizan com&uacute;nmente primero en hojas viejas, aunque puede avanzar a las hojas j&oacute;venes. Este hongo de propaga r&aacute;pidamente cuanto hay humedad relativa alta (&gt; 85 %), lo que la hace com&uacute;n en semilleros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Síntomas de Fulvia fulva \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/sintomas-fulvia.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 5. Síntomas de Fulvia fulva en hojas de tomate. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Fotos: University of Tennessee and Texas Agrilife Extension. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Mancha bacteriana (<em>Xanthomonas campestris)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Sus s&iacute;ntomas son manchas angulares sobre las hojas, tallos y frutos. Al inicio se observan lesiones acuosas, a veces rodeadas de un halo clor&oacute;tico, mientras que en estados intermedios las manchas se tornan de un color marr&oacute;n a rojizo con un centro seco con apariencia apergaminada. Los s&iacute;ntomas en frutos son manchas que parecen ampollas y con el tiempo toman un color marr&oacute;n de apariencia costrosa. Las principales fuentes de inoculo son semillas, trasplantes y malezas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Síntomas por Xanthomonas campestris \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/Sintomas-xanthomonas.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 6. Síntomas por Xanthomonas campestris en frutos y hojas de        \r\n tomate. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Fotos: University of Tennessee and Texas Agrilife Extension. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>C&aacute;ncer bacteriano (<em>Clavibacter michiganensis subsp<\/em>. michiganensis)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Es una de las enfermedades m&aacute;s devastadoras en tomate, se caracteriza por un pardeamiento en los m&aacute;rgenes de las hojas, que conforme el da&ntilde;o avanza se observa marchitamiento y muerte de las plantas y en ocasiones se aprecian cancros de color marr&oacute;n. En hojas se forman manchas de color oscuro y en el centro un halo blanco.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Esta enfermedad es dif&iacute;cil de controlar principalmente en periodos de lluvia constantes por lo cual debe evitarse las lesiones en la planta para no promover la infecci&oacute;n de la misma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Daños por Clavibacter michiganensis en hojas de tomate \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/Clavibacter.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 7.  Daños por Clavibacter michiganensis  en hojas de tomate. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Fotos: University of Tennessee and Texas Agrilife Extension. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Fuentes consultadas <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Bost, S. 2013. Foliar Diseases of Tomato. University of Tennessee. 5 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">UPR. 2008. Enfermedades de las Solan&aacute;ceas. Universidad de Puerto Rico. 15 p. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">University of Minnesota. 2009. Enfermedades de Tomate. University of Minnesota. 15 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/cursos\/online\/curso-internacional-sobre-produccion-de-tomate\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Curso Internacional de Producción de Tomate, Online\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/cursos-online\/2018\/3.1%20produccion%20de%20tomate\/Banner%20curso%20online%20tomate.jpg\" style=\"height:450px; width:900px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-07-10 03:19:55","updated":"2018-08-10 13:56:55","published":"2015-08-09 23:37:31","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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Al inicio se manifiestan como lesiones de color marrón hasta tornarse a un color negro; la zona alrededor de las lesiones tiene un color amarillo. Los daños de esta enfermedad pueden llegar hasta la defoliación, lo que sin duda demerita la calidad de la producción.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/Enfermedades%20foliares.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"enfermedades,foliares,tomate","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/28. Enfermedades Foliares en Tomate.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Tiz&oacute;n temprano (<em>Alternaria solani)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Es una de las enfermedades&nbsp; m&aacute;s comunes en el cultivo de tomate, los s&iacute;ntomas generalmente se observan en hojas viejas. Al inicio se manifiestan como lesiones de color marr&oacute;n hasta tornarse a un color negro; la zona alrededor de las lesiones tiene un color amarillo. Los da&ntilde;os de esta enfermedad pueden llegar hasta la defoliaci&oacute;n, lo que sin duda demerita la calidad de la producci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La infecci&oacute;n causada por el hongo es m&aacute;s r&aacute;pida a temperaturas de entre 28 &ndash; 30 &deg;C con condiciones de alta humedad relativa. La diseminaci&oacute;n de este hongo es principalmente por el viento y por salpicaduras de lluvia, pasa el invierno en residuos de cultivos infectados hasta que nuevamente tiene las condiciones ambientales para poder germinar e infectar.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Síntomas de Tizón temprano (Alternaria solani) en Tomate. \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/sintomas-tizon.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 1. Síntomas de Tizón temprano (Alternaria solani) en Tomate. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Como medidas de control se debe hacer una combinaci&oacute;n de pr&aacute;cticas culturales como las que a continuaci&oacute;n se mencionan:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos, cuidando el correcto control de malas hierbas para evitar que el pat&oacute;geno se hospede en las mismas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Retirar los restos del cultivo de tomate para evitar fuentes de contaminaci&oacute;n en el siguiente ciclo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">En condiciones favorables para el desarrollo del pat&oacute;geno, evitar el riego con aspersi&oacute;n, esto provocar&iacute;a una r&aacute;pida infecci&oacute;n en la planta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Mancha de la hoja (<em>Septoria lycopersici<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Su principal da&ntilde;o ocurre en las hojas y se disemina desde las hojas viejas hasta las hojas j&oacute;venes. Se caracteriza por peque&ntilde;as manchas circulares de hasta 3 mm de di&aacute;metro que puede parecerse a los da&ntilde;os causados por tiz&oacute;n tard&iacute;o o mancha bacteriana, los centros son de color blanco y la orilla se torna de un color negro (manchas m&aacute;s peque&ntilde;as que tiz&oacute;n temprano). En estados avanzados de la enfermedad pueden apreciarse cuerpos fruct&iacute;feros del hongo.<br \/>\r\nEn el control de <em>Septoria <\/em>no existen variedades resistentes al pat&oacute;geno, la rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos es una de las pr&aacute;cticas con las cuales se reduce su incidencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Daños por Septoria lycopersici \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/danios-septoria.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 2. Daños por Septoria lycopersici<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Foto: University of Minnesota .<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Tiz&oacute;n Tard&iacute;o (<em>Phytophthora infestans)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Esta enfermedad&nbsp; se propaga r&aacute;pidamente en el cultivo, sus s&iacute;ntomas se manifiestan como manchas irregulares de color gris con apariencia grasosa, cuando el da&ntilde;o est&aacute; avanzado se observa c&oacute;mo las hojas comienzan a marchitarse y toman un color negro sin desprenderse del tallo, en el env&eacute;s de la hoja se puede apreciar el desarrollo de micelio de color blanco. Adem&aacute;s de las hojas este pat&oacute;geno da&ntilde;a los ped&uacute;nculos, peciolos, tallos, y frutos. Cuando se tiene da&ntilde;o en toda la estructura de la planta&nbsp; ocurre un colapso total de la misma, en frutos se forman manchas obscuras de color marr&oacute;n que terminan en una pudrici&oacute;n total, siendo fuente de inoculo para la propagaci&oacute;n de este pat&oacute;geno.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Daños causados por Phythopthora infestans \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/danios-phythopthora.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 3. Daños causados por Phythopthora infestans en hojas y frutos de tomate.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"> Fotos: University of Tennessee <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/br>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Moho gris (<em>Botrytis cinerea)<\/em> <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Ante cualquier herida en la planta este hongo infecta r&aacute;pidamente y puede afectar en cualquier estado de desarrollo de la planta, provoca un cranco en el tallo, y en hojas produce lesiones de color caf&eacute; oscuro localizadas en el &aacute;pice, en el haz de la hoja se observan anillos conc&eacute;ntricos y un abundante moho por el env&eacute;s, correspondiente a la esporulaci&oacute;n del hongo. En frutos las lesiones son blandas en forma acuosa manifest&aacute;ndose en la uni&oacute;n del ped&uacute;nculo con el fruto, caracterizada&nbsp; por una amplia esporulaci&oacute;n. La alta humedad relativa y elevada temperatura son condiciones propicias para el desarrollo del pat&oacute;geno, la aireaci&oacute;n es un factor importante a considerar en el control de este pat&oacute;geno. La poda y el deshoje son dos pr&aacute;cticas importantes para mejorar la aireaci&oacute;n en el cultivo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Daños causados por Botrytis cinerea \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/danios-botrytis.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 4. Daños causados por Botrytis cinerea en fruto y tallo de tomate.                       <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Foto: Rafael Elizondo Pastén.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Moho de la hoja (<em>Fulvia fulva<\/em>) <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los s&iacute;ntomas de esta enfermedad son manchas circulares y angulares de color amarillo en las hojas. En el env&eacute;s se observa un color verde tenue. Estas manchas pueden llegar a cubrir toda la hoja y como resultado las hojas mueren y se caen. Estos s&iacute;ntomas se localizan com&uacute;nmente primero en hojas viejas, aunque puede avanzar a las hojas j&oacute;venes. Este hongo de propaga r&aacute;pidamente cuanto hay humedad relativa alta (&gt; 85 %), lo que la hace com&uacute;n en semilleros.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Síntomas de Fulvia fulva \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/sintomas-fulvia.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 5. Síntomas de Fulvia fulva en hojas de tomate. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Fotos: University of Tennessee and Texas Agrilife Extension. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Mancha bacteriana (<em>Xanthomonas campestris)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Sus s&iacute;ntomas son manchas angulares sobre las hojas, tallos y frutos. Al inicio se observan lesiones acuosas, a veces rodeadas de un halo clor&oacute;tico, mientras que en estados intermedios las manchas se tornan de un color marr&oacute;n a rojizo con un centro seco con apariencia apergaminada. Los s&iacute;ntomas en frutos son manchas que parecen ampollas y con el tiempo toman un color marr&oacute;n de apariencia costrosa. Las principales fuentes de inoculo son semillas, trasplantes y malezas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Síntomas por Xanthomonas campestris \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/Sintomas-xanthomonas.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 6. Síntomas por Xanthomonas campestris en frutos y hojas de        \r\n tomate. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Fotos: University of Tennessee and Texas Agrilife Extension. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>C&aacute;ncer bacteriano (<em>Clavibacter michiganensis subsp<\/em>. michiganensis)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Es una de las enfermedades m&aacute;s devastadoras en tomate, se caracteriza por un pardeamiento en los m&aacute;rgenes de las hojas, que conforme el da&ntilde;o avanza se observa marchitamiento y muerte de las plantas y en ocasiones se aprecian cancros de color marr&oacute;n. En hojas se forman manchas de color oscuro y en el centro un halo blanco.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Esta enfermedad es dif&iacute;cil de controlar principalmente en periodos de lluvia constantes por lo cual debe evitarse las lesiones en la planta para no promover la infecci&oacute;n de la misma.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Daños por Clavibacter michiganensis en hojas de tomate \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art164-enfermedades-foliares\/Clavibacter.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #173B0B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Figura 7.  Daños por Clavibacter michiganensis  en hojas de tomate. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong> Fotos: University of Tennessee and Texas Agrilife Extension. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><strong>Fuentes consultadas <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Bost, S. 2013. Foliar Diseases of Tomato. University of Tennessee. 5 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">UPR. 2008. Enfermedades de las Solan&aacute;ceas. Universidad de Puerto Rico. 15 p. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">University of Minnesota. 2009. Enfermedades de Tomate. University of Minnesota. 15 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/cursos\/online\/curso-internacional-sobre-produccion-de-tomate\" target=\"_blank\"><img alt=\"Curso Internacional de Producción de Tomate, Online\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/cursos-online\/2018\/3.1%20produccion%20de%20tomate\/Banner%20curso%20online%20tomate.jpg\" style=\"height:450px; width:900px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-07-10 03:19:55","updated":"2018-08-10 13:56:55","published":"2015-08-09 23:37:31","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"enfermedades-foliares-en-tomate","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"enfermedades-foliares-en-tomate","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}