{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":212,"views":118348,"title":"El Uso de Feromonas para el Control de Plagas en Cultivos Extensivos","fb_title":"","link":"el-uso-de-feromonas-para-el-control-de-plagas-en-cultivos-extensivos","desc":"Las feromonas son compuestos químicos liberados por los insectos para atraer individuos de su especie con fines de apareamiento o para comunicar fenómenos como: lugares de oviposición, señalar algún camino, alertar en caso de peligro, entre otras. La comunicación que se genera a través de estas feromonas ha generado gran interés en ser utilizadas como herramienta de control y monitoreo dentro de los programas de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP), que combinado con métodos de control biológico pueden coadyuvar a disminuir el uso y las aplicaciones de plaguicidas.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art222-uso-de-feromonas\/FEROMONAS-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"feromonas,control,plagas,cultivos,extensivos","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/39. El Uso de Feromonas en el Control de Plagas de Cultivos Extensivos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Las feromonas son compuestos qu&iacute;micos liberados por los insectos para atraer individuos de su especie con fines de apareamiento o para comunicar fen&oacute;menos como: lugares de oviposici&oacute;n, se&ntilde;alar alg&uacute;n camino, alertar en caso de peligro, entre otras. La comunicaci&oacute;n que se genera a trav&eacute;s de estas feromonas ha generado gran inter&eacute;s en ser utilizadas como herramienta de control y monitoreo dentro de los programas de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP), que combinado con m&eacute;todos de control biol&oacute;gico pueden coadyuvar a disminuir el uso y las aplicaciones de plaguicidas. Cabe destacar que las feromonas son de bajo impacto ambiental, y que tienen adem&aacute;s la particularidad de no generar resistencia en las poblaciones de insectos plaga.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Trampa \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art222-uso-de-feromonas\/Trampa.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #0B3B17; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 1. Trampa con feromonas para el control de Lepidópteros en Maíz. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Hernández, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Tipos de feromonas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Feromonas sexuales.<\/strong> Son producidas y liberadas principalmente por la hembra para aparearse; son espec&iacute;ficas, por lo que act&uacute;an sobre un peque&ntilde;o grupo de insectos; y adem&aacute;s son vol&aacute;tiles, permiti&eacute;ndoles actuar a grandes distancias. Las feromonas de Lepid&oacute;pteros son m&aacute;s simples en su composici&oacute;n que las de Cole&oacute;pteros y D&iacute;pteros. Dentro de estas feromonas existen las afrodisiacas, que estimulan los apareamientos, y son emitidas principalmente por los machos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Feromonas de agregaci&oacute;n.<\/strong> Atractivas para ambos sexos y funcionan a grandes distancias estimulando a los individuos a agregarse, tienen una estructura compleja, por lo que su uso es m&aacute;s limitado que las feromonas sexuales.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Otras son <\/strong><strong>feromonas de: coordinaci&oacute;n, <\/strong>que interfieren en las interacciones de los insectos cuando intercambian informaci&oacute;n sobre fuentes de alimentos y enemigos naturales; <strong>&nbsp;oviposici&oacute;n, <\/strong>empleadas por hembras de una especie para marcar un&nbsp; territorio apto para ovipositar; <strong>alarma, <\/strong>utilizadas para la protecci&oacute;n de los individuos de la misma especie en caso de peligro; y, <strong>trayecto<\/strong>, producidas para que los individuos de su especie sigan una ruta en particular.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Dentro de los distintos tipos de feromonas, las relacionadas con el apareamiento&nbsp; (sexuales) y&nbsp; las de agregaci&oacute;n son de las m&aacute;s estudiadas para distintas especies de los &oacute;rdenes Lepid&oacute;ptera y Cole&oacute;ptera, por su potencial como herramienta en el control de insectos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Usos <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las feromonas dentro del MIP son empleadas para distintos objetivos, por ejemplo el monitoreo de la poblaci&oacute;n de una determinada plaga, trampeo masivo o la confusi&oacute;n e interrupci&oacute;n del apareamiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Detecci&oacute;n de insectos.<\/strong> Es una estrategia empleada en las aduanas para detectar plagas cuarentenadas que consiste en un rastreo r&aacute;pido y eficaz de determinados insectos. Se usa una feromona conjuntamente con una trampa para poder retener a los insectos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Monitoreo. <\/strong>Las feromonas se emplean como atrayentes que al conjugarse con una trampa, esta &uacute;ltima con una diversidad de variantes, est&aacute; encaminada al monitoreo de insectos para determinar su fenolog&iacute;a, distribuci&oacute;n, densidad y dispersi&oacute;n de la plaga. El monitoreo permite hacer una evaluaci&oacute;n temprana para decidir la aplicaci&oacute;n de otras t&eacute;cnicas de control y para la predicci&oacute;n del ataque de la plaga en el cultivo, conduciendo a la reducci&oacute;n en el consumo de insecticidas.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Confucion \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art222-uso-de-feromonas\/confucion.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #0B3B17; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 2. Confusión en el apareamiento, donde el macho no localiza a la hembra. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Fumigadora Continente, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Trampeo masivo.<\/strong> Es un control directo, donde se busca capturar una elevada cantidad de individuos de la plaga. En el caso de lepid&oacute;pteros, en las trampas se emplean feromonas sexuales, volvi&eacute;ndose esencial que los machos sean capturados antes de la copula. En el caso de cole&oacute;pteros se utilizan feromonas de agregaci&oacute;n buscando reducir la poblaci&oacute;n de ambos sexos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Esta t&eacute;cnica debe establecerse desde las primeras etapas del cultivo y mantenerse durante el ciclo, y en el caso de plagas estacionales se debe implementar&nbsp; en la &eacute;poca de mayor incidencia. Cabe destacar que la eficiencia del trampeo masivo esta correlacionada directamente con la densidad de trampas en el &aacute;rea y la distancia entre s&iacute; que var&iacute;a de acuerdo al tipo de cultivo. Tambi&eacute;n es importante evaluar el nivel de la poblaci&oacute;n de insectos presentes y la capacidad de la trampa para capturar. El trampeo masivo es una alternativa para la reducci&oacute;n del uso de insecticidas y favorece el restablecimiento de insectos ben&eacute;ficos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Confusi&oacute;n en el apareamiento.<\/strong> Aqu&iacute; se busca prevenir el apareamiento y reducir con ello la incidencia de larvas en la pr&oacute;xima generaci&oacute;n. Lo anterior se logra a trav&eacute;s de la liberaci&oacute;n de grandes cantidades de feromonas sexuales en el &aacute;rea a tratar, donde la alta concentraci&oacute;n de estas sustancias afecta la conducta normal del insecto debido a que se alteran sus receptores, ocasionando que los machos fracasen en la localizaci&oacute;n de la hembra, y en consecuencia se evita la reproducci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Se&ntilde;uelo e infecci&oacute;n.<\/strong> Su metodolog&iacute;a se basa en combinar pat&oacute;genos de los insectos con feromonas, en otras palabras, consiste en atraer a la plaga con la feromona e infectarlos con el pat&oacute;geno. Posteriormente son liberados para que diseminen la enfermedad, es decir, se emplean a los insectos como vectores de la enfermedad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Se&ntilde;uelo y muerte.<\/strong> Consiste en atraer al insecto con la feromona mediante el uso de trampas especiales que contienen insecticidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Aplicaci&oacute;n en campo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Para tener un buen control mediante el uso de feromonas se hace necesario identificar adecuadamente la especie plaga, la biolog&iacute;a y ecolog&iacute;a del insecto, la feromona a emplear, as&iacute; como la selecci&oacute;n de una trampa efectiva. Las feromonas formuladas comercialmente vienen listas para su uso, pero siempre debe procurarse comprar la cantidad exacta de producto a utilizar en el campo para evitar su almacenamiento. Las trampas se colocan a la altura de los cultivos y si existe un &aacute;rbol, se puede emplear una de las ramas inferiores como soporte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La eficacia de las trampas con feromonas para la captura de adultos depende de distintos factores como el tipo de trampa, color, tama&ntilde;o, la altura a la que se coloca, el n&uacute;mero de trampas y la distribuci&oacute;n dentro del terreno, asimismo, es obligatorio emplear un &ldquo;dispositivo&rdquo; que libere gradualmente la sustancia para tener un control exitoso. Adem&aacute;s, se debe considerar que la captura de insectos puede ser afectada por la temperatura, basura en el ambiente, polvo y frecuencia en el cambio de la trampa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"Ejemplos\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art222-uso-de-feromonas\/Ejemplos.jpg\" style=\"height:365px; width:800px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Gonz&aacute;les, L.; L&oacute;pez P., J. A.; Rodr&iacute;guez, C. 2004. Control Biol&oacute;gico de Insectos mediante Feromonas y Atrayentes. El Control Biol&oacute;gico de Plagas Agr&iacute;colas. CATIE.&nbsp;&nbsp; Nicaragua. pp. 123-136<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Blanco M., H. 2001. Las Feromonas y sus Usos en el Manejo Integrado de Plagas. Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecolog&iacute;a (Costa Rica). Costa Rica. Hoja t&eacute;cnica No. 71.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Romero L., A. A.; Arzuffi, R.; Mor&oacute;n, M. &Aacute;. 2005. Feromonas y Atrayentes Sexuales de Cole&oacute;pteros Melolonthidae de Importancia Agr&iacute;cola. Revista Folia Entomol&oacute;gica Mexicana, 44(2).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Namesny, A. 2007. Feromonas, Modernas Herramientas para el Control de Plagas. Revista Horticultura, N&deg; 199.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Ramos A., C. A. s. f. Control Etol&oacute;gico para Plagas del Suelo. CESAVEG. Gto. M&eacute;xico. 17 p.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-03-16 00:56:04","updated":"2019-04-23 19:47:20","published":"2016-03-16 00:56:15","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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La comunicación que se genera a través de estas feromonas ha generado gran interés en ser utilizadas como herramienta de control y monitoreo dentro de los programas de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP), que combinado con métodos de control biológico pueden coadyuvar a disminuir el uso y las aplicaciones de plaguicidas.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art222-uso-de-feromonas\/FEROMONAS-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"feromonas,control,plagas,cultivos,extensivos","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/39. El Uso de Feromonas en el Control de Plagas de Cultivos Extensivos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Las feromonas son compuestos qu&iacute;micos liberados por los insectos para atraer individuos de su especie con fines de apareamiento o para comunicar fen&oacute;menos como: lugares de oviposici&oacute;n, se&ntilde;alar alg&uacute;n camino, alertar en caso de peligro, entre otras. La comunicaci&oacute;n que se genera a trav&eacute;s de estas feromonas ha generado gran inter&eacute;s en ser utilizadas como herramienta de control y monitoreo dentro de los programas de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP), que combinado con m&eacute;todos de control biol&oacute;gico pueden coadyuvar a disminuir el uso y las aplicaciones de plaguicidas. Cabe destacar que las feromonas son de bajo impacto ambiental, y que tienen adem&aacute;s la particularidad de no generar resistencia en las poblaciones de insectos plaga.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Trampa \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art222-uso-de-feromonas\/Trampa.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #0B3B17; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 1. Trampa con feromonas para el control de Lepidópteros en Maíz. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Hernández, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Tipos de feromonas <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Feromonas sexuales.<\/strong> Son producidas y liberadas principalmente por la hembra para aparearse; son espec&iacute;ficas, por lo que act&uacute;an sobre un peque&ntilde;o grupo de insectos; y adem&aacute;s son vol&aacute;tiles, permiti&eacute;ndoles actuar a grandes distancias. Las feromonas de Lepid&oacute;pteros son m&aacute;s simples en su composici&oacute;n que las de Cole&oacute;pteros y D&iacute;pteros. Dentro de estas feromonas existen las afrodisiacas, que estimulan los apareamientos, y son emitidas principalmente por los machos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Feromonas de agregaci&oacute;n.<\/strong> Atractivas para ambos sexos y funcionan a grandes distancias estimulando a los individuos a agregarse, tienen una estructura compleja, por lo que su uso es m&aacute;s limitado que las feromonas sexuales.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Otras son <\/strong><strong>feromonas de: coordinaci&oacute;n, <\/strong>que interfieren en las interacciones de los insectos cuando intercambian informaci&oacute;n sobre fuentes de alimentos y enemigos naturales; <strong>&nbsp;oviposici&oacute;n, <\/strong>empleadas por hembras de una especie para marcar un&nbsp; territorio apto para ovipositar; <strong>alarma, <\/strong>utilizadas para la protecci&oacute;n de los individuos de la misma especie en caso de peligro; y, <strong>trayecto<\/strong>, producidas para que los individuos de su especie sigan una ruta en particular.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Dentro de los distintos tipos de feromonas, las relacionadas con el apareamiento&nbsp; (sexuales) y&nbsp; las de agregaci&oacute;n son de las m&aacute;s estudiadas para distintas especies de los &oacute;rdenes Lepid&oacute;ptera y Cole&oacute;ptera, por su potencial como herramienta en el control de insectos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Usos <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las feromonas dentro del MIP son empleadas para distintos objetivos, por ejemplo el monitoreo de la poblaci&oacute;n de una determinada plaga, trampeo masivo o la confusi&oacute;n e interrupci&oacute;n del apareamiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Detecci&oacute;n de insectos.<\/strong> Es una estrategia empleada en las aduanas para detectar plagas cuarentenadas que consiste en un rastreo r&aacute;pido y eficaz de determinados insectos. Se usa una feromona conjuntamente con una trampa para poder retener a los insectos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <strong>Monitoreo. <\/strong>Las feromonas se emplean como atrayentes que al conjugarse con una trampa, esta &uacute;ltima con una diversidad de variantes, est&aacute; encaminada al monitoreo de insectos para determinar su fenolog&iacute;a, distribuci&oacute;n, densidad y dispersi&oacute;n de la plaga. El monitoreo permite hacer una evaluaci&oacute;n temprana para decidir la aplicaci&oacute;n de otras t&eacute;cnicas de control y para la predicci&oacute;n del ataque de la plaga en el cultivo, conduciendo a la reducci&oacute;n en el consumo de insecticidas.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Confucion \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art222-uso-de-feromonas\/confucion.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #0B3B17; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong> Figura 2. Confusión en el apareamiento, donde el macho no localiza a la hembra. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"> Foto: Fumigadora Continente, 2015.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Trampeo masivo.<\/strong> Es un control directo, donde se busca capturar una elevada cantidad de individuos de la plaga. En el caso de lepid&oacute;pteros, en las trampas se emplean feromonas sexuales, volvi&eacute;ndose esencial que los machos sean capturados antes de la copula. En el caso de cole&oacute;pteros se utilizan feromonas de agregaci&oacute;n buscando reducir la poblaci&oacute;n de ambos sexos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Esta t&eacute;cnica debe establecerse desde las primeras etapas del cultivo y mantenerse durante el ciclo, y en el caso de plagas estacionales se debe implementar&nbsp; en la &eacute;poca de mayor incidencia. Cabe destacar que la eficiencia del trampeo masivo esta correlacionada directamente con la densidad de trampas en el &aacute;rea y la distancia entre s&iacute; que var&iacute;a de acuerdo al tipo de cultivo. Tambi&eacute;n es importante evaluar el nivel de la poblaci&oacute;n de insectos presentes y la capacidad de la trampa para capturar. El trampeo masivo es una alternativa para la reducci&oacute;n del uso de insecticidas y favorece el restablecimiento de insectos ben&eacute;ficos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Confusi&oacute;n en el apareamiento.<\/strong> Aqu&iacute; se busca prevenir el apareamiento y reducir con ello la incidencia de larvas en la pr&oacute;xima generaci&oacute;n. Lo anterior se logra a trav&eacute;s de la liberaci&oacute;n de grandes cantidades de feromonas sexuales en el &aacute;rea a tratar, donde la alta concentraci&oacute;n de estas sustancias afecta la conducta normal del insecto debido a que se alteran sus receptores, ocasionando que los machos fracasen en la localizaci&oacute;n de la hembra, y en consecuencia se evita la reproducci&oacute;n.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Se&ntilde;uelo e infecci&oacute;n.<\/strong> Su metodolog&iacute;a se basa en combinar pat&oacute;genos de los insectos con feromonas, en otras palabras, consiste en atraer a la plaga con la feromona e infectarlos con el pat&oacute;geno. Posteriormente son liberados para que diseminen la enfermedad, es decir, se emplean a los insectos como vectores de la enfermedad.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Se&ntilde;uelo y muerte.<\/strong> Consiste en atraer al insecto con la feromona mediante el uso de trampas especiales que contienen insecticidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Aplicaci&oacute;n en campo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Para tener un buen control mediante el uso de feromonas se hace necesario identificar adecuadamente la especie plaga, la biolog&iacute;a y ecolog&iacute;a del insecto, la feromona a emplear, as&iacute; como la selecci&oacute;n de una trampa efectiva. Las feromonas formuladas comercialmente vienen listas para su uso, pero siempre debe procurarse comprar la cantidad exacta de producto a utilizar en el campo para evitar su almacenamiento. Las trampas se colocan a la altura de los cultivos y si existe un &aacute;rbol, se puede emplear una de las ramas inferiores como soporte.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La eficacia de las trampas con feromonas para la captura de adultos depende de distintos factores como el tipo de trampa, color, tama&ntilde;o, la altura a la que se coloca, el n&uacute;mero de trampas y la distribuci&oacute;n dentro del terreno, asimismo, es obligatorio emplear un &ldquo;dispositivo&rdquo; que libere gradualmente la sustancia para tener un control exitoso. Adem&aacute;s, se debe considerar que la captura de insectos puede ser afectada por la temperatura, basura en el ambiente, polvo y frecuencia en el cambio de la trampa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"Ejemplos\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art222-uso-de-feromonas\/Ejemplos.jpg\" style=\"height:365px; width:800px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<ul>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Gonz&aacute;les, L.; L&oacute;pez P., J. A.; Rodr&iacute;guez, C. 2004. Control Biol&oacute;gico de Insectos mediante Feromonas y Atrayentes. El Control Biol&oacute;gico de Plagas Agr&iacute;colas. CATIE.&nbsp;&nbsp; Nicaragua. pp. 123-136<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Blanco M., H. 2001. Las Feromonas y sus Usos en el Manejo Integrado de Plagas. Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecolog&iacute;a (Costa Rica). Costa Rica. Hoja t&eacute;cnica No. 71.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Romero L., A. A.; Arzuffi, R.; Mor&oacute;n, M. &Aacute;. 2005. Feromonas y Atrayentes Sexuales de Cole&oacute;pteros Melolonthidae de Importancia Agr&iacute;cola. Revista Folia Entomol&oacute;gica Mexicana, 44(2).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Namesny, A. 2007. Feromonas, Modernas Herramientas para el Control de Plagas. Revista Horticultura, N&deg; 199.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\">Ramos A., C. A. s. f. Control Etol&oacute;gico para Plagas del Suelo. CESAVEG. Gto. M&eacute;xico. 17 p.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t\t\t<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-03-16 00:56:04","updated":"2019-04-23 19:47:20","published":"2016-03-16 00:56:15","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"el-uso-de-feromonas-para-el-control-de-plagas-en-cultivos-extensivos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"el-uso-de-feromonas-para-el-control-de-plagas-en-cultivos-extensivos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}