{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":164,"views":111736,"title":"Control de Nemátodos con Extractos Vegetales","fb_title":"","link":"control-de-nematodos-con-extractos-vegetales","desc":"El control de nemátodos no es sencillo porque su eficacia depende de la identificación correcta del organismo a controlar, del cultivo afectado, de un conocimiento de fisiología y biología de ambos organismos (planta y nemátodo) y de los factores ambientales asociados con la expresión de síntomas. Algunos autores recomiendan que para evitar la diseminación de los nemátodos se debe eliminar todo tipo de material vegetativo infestado y debe tratarse el suelo con un desinfectante o con calor, evitar la entrada al invernadero de herramienta y maquinaria contaminada, rotación de cultivos, uso de variedades altamente tolerantes o resistentes y nematicidas, entre otros.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art174-control-de-nematodos\/nematodo-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":",4,","keywords":"control,nematodos,extractos,vegetales,invernaderos","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/31. Control de Nematodos con Extractos Vegetales.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Mart&iacute;n de Jes&uacute;s S&aacute;ntiz <\/strong>. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Introducci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los nem&aacute;todos son organismos multicelulares, tienen forma de &ldquo;gusano&rdquo; delgado, cil&iacute;ndrico y alargado, con el di&aacute;metro reducido en los extremos, generalmente microsc&oacute;picos (0.5 mm de longitud aproximadamente), poseen la mayor&iacute;a de los sistemas fisiol&oacute;gicos de los organismos superiores con excepci&oacute;n del respiratorio y circulatorio.&nbsp; Estos organismos invaden los tallos, hojas y semillas de las plantas, ra&iacute;ces, bulbos, tub&eacute;rculos y cormos (Rom&aacute;n y Acosta, 1984). El g&eacute;nero <em>Meloidogyne<\/em> spp., se conoce como el g&eacute;nero de mayor importancia econ&oacute;mica en jitomate, estos nem&aacute;todos causan graves da&ntilde;os y la p&eacute;rdida de rendimiento a un gran n&uacute;mero de plantas cultivadas y sobre todo en los cultivos de hortalizas en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales (Sikora y Skowronek, 2002). En este art&iacute;culo se presentan los resultados de un trabajo realizado en los meses de marzo a junio de 2015 en un invernadero de jitomate situado en San Pedro Nopala,&nbsp; Oaxaca con alta infestaci&oacute;n de nem&aacute;todos, en donde se obtuvieron excelentes resultados&nbsp; en el control de nem&aacute;todos mediante el uso de un nematicida a base de extracto vegetal, fertilizantes, bioestimulantes, y la incorporaci&oacute;n de microorganismos al suelo.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Nemátodo \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art174-control-de-nematodos\/nematodo-microscopio.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff \"><strong> Figura 1. Nematodo visto desde un microscopio<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Antecedentes del control biol&oacute;gico de nem&aacute;todos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El control de nem&aacute;todos no es sencillo porque su eficacia depende de la identificaci&oacute;n correcta del organismo a controlar, del cultivo afectado, de un conocimiento de fisiolog&iacute;a y biolog&iacute;a de ambos organismos (planta y nem&aacute;todo) y de los factores ambientales asociados con la expresi&oacute;n de s&iacute;ntomas. Algunos autores recomiendan que para evitar la diseminaci&oacute;n de los nem&aacute;todos se debe eliminar todo tipo de material vegetativo infestado y debe tratarse el suelo con un desinfectante o con calor, evitar la entrada al invernadero de herramienta y maquinaria contaminada, rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos, uso de variedades altamente tolerantes o resistentes y nematicidas, entre otros.&nbsp;&nbsp; El control biol&oacute;gico de pat&oacute;genos del suelo por introducci&oacute;n de microorganismos se ha estudiado por m&aacute;s de 65 a&ntilde;os (Cook y Barker, 1983; Barker, 1987), pero durante m&aacute;s de todo este tiempo no fue considerado comercialmente factible. El biocontrol de nem&aacute;todos fue estudiado por primera vez por Duddington (1951). El desarrollo de agentes de control biol&oacute;gico tambi&eacute;n se considera una alternativa eficaz para control de nem&aacute;todos en las hortalizas (Van Gundy, 1985, Kerry, 1987; Sikora, 1992).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Ciclo biol&oacute;gico de nem&aacute;todos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los nem&aacute;todos tienen seis etapas de desarrollo: huevo, cuatro etapas juveniles y el adulto. El huevo es generalmente depositado en distintas etapas de desarrollo, en el suelo o dentro del tejido de la planta. En algunas especies est&aacute;n protegidos por una capa gelatinosa. Cuando el huevo es fecundado sufre una serie de divisiones mientras pasa por las etapas hasta llegar al estado juvenil. En la mayor&iacute;a de las especies que afectan a las plantas en el segundo estado juvenil emerge del huevo, se mueve por el suelo y penetra e invade el tejido de la planta. Esta etapa, que es generalmente la infecciosa, es en la mayor&iacute;a de las especies una que resiste a las condiciones ambientales (Roman y Acosta, 1984).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas&nbsp; <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Se presenta como marchitez, clorosis, enanismo, falta de vigor de la parte a&eacute;rea de la planta, por falta de agua y nutrimentos, ya que los nem&aacute;todos obstruyen el paso de &eacute;stos; en la parte radicular de la planta se encuentran ra&iacute;ces con n&oacute;dulos con apariencia de papa, desprendimiento, deformaci&oacute;n y necrosis de la corteza de ra&iacute;ces, proliferaci&oacute;n excesiva de ra&iacute;ces (escoba de brujas), &aacute;pices o extremos de las ra&iacute;ces se atrofian, y en algunas casos el sistema radical es pobremente desarrollado. La severidad del da&ntilde;o depende de la variedad (algunas variedades de jitomate poseen resistencia o alta tolerancia a nem&aacute;todos), de la especie de nem&aacute;todo, la edad de la planta y de las condiciones ambientales prevalecientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Tratamiento para control de nem&aacute;todos en jitomate en San Pedro Nopala, Oaxaca<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Se aplic&oacute; un tratamiento en donde se emple&oacute; el d&iacute;a 1 un nematicida a base de extracto vegetal de alta eficiencia bil&oacute;gica, dado que su componente Triazol carbox&iacute;lico presenta un efecto contundente al eliminar fuentes energ&eacute;ticas del nem&aacute;todo, desactiv&aacute;ndolos y caus&aacute;ndoles finalmente la muerte, dirigido a adultos que a&uacute;n no han penetrado a las ra&iacute;ces de las plantas, a dosis de un litro de producto comercial en 200 litros de agua y de aplicaci&oacute;n al &ldquo;drench&rdquo; (con mochila aspersora sin boquilla) para una superficie de 1500 m<sup>2<\/sup> de invernadero.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el segundo paso o d&iacute;a 2 se aplic&oacute;&nbsp; fertilizante&nbsp; org&aacute;nico que contiene nitr&oacute;geno, fosforo, potasio y elementos secundarios, materia org&aacute;nica y compatible con microorganismos del suelo, a una dosis de 500 mL en 200 litros de agua. Se a&ntilde;adieron tambi&eacute;n 2 bioestimulantes, uno a&nbsp; base de algas marinas (<em>Ascophyllum nodosum<\/em>) a una dosis de 500 mL en 200 L de agua y el otro a base de auxinas a una dosis de 500 g en 200 L de agua.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el d&iacute;a 3 se aplic&oacute; un &ldquo;fermentado&rdquo; el cual consiste en que: desde el d&iacute;a 1 se llena un tonel de 200 L de agua a la mitad (100 litros) y se adicionan productos a base de &aacute;cidos h&uacute;micos y f&uacute;lvicos de 1 kg o 1 litro dependiendo la presentaci&oacute;n del producto,&nbsp; 150 g de az&uacute;car o 500 mL de melaza, 125 mL de un producto comercial a base de <em>Paecilomyces lilacinus, <\/em>&nbsp;125 mL de un producto comercial a base de <em>Trichoderma harzianum <\/em>y 500 mL de un producto a base de <em>Bacillus subtilis. <\/em>Se tapa para evitar contaminaci&oacute;n y estimular una mejor fermentaci&oacute;n, al tercer d&iacute;a se destapa y se llena el tonel a su capacidad y se aplica v&iacute;a &ldquo;Drench&rdquo;.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El tratamiento se repite a los&nbsp; 15 d&iacute;as y en las primeras etapas de la planta se aconseja la aplicaci&oacute;n de los productos v&iacute;a drench y en etapas posteriores v&iacute;a riego para abarcar la mayor&iacute;a del sistema de ra&iacute;ces de las plantas, a partir de la segunda aplicaci&oacute;n el tratamiento se aplica cada 30 d&iacute;as.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Resultados y Conclusiones<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los resultados fueron excelentes y muy satisfactorios ya que despu&eacute;s de haber utilizado muchos agroqu&iacute;micos altamente t&oacute;xicos y de manera desmesurada, sin obtener buenos resultados, el tratamiento a base de extractos vegetales, bioestimulantes y microorganismos ben&eacute;ficos permiti&oacute; el desarrollo del cultivo de jitomate de manera normal sin disminuir el rendimiento, por lo que es una excelente opci&oacute;n para el control de nem&aacute;todos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Control de Nemátodos \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art174-control-de-nematodos\/control-de-nematodos.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff \"><strong> Figura 2. Control efectivo de nematodos en jitomate<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#B22222\">Fuentes consultadas&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">ROM&Aacute;N J., ACOSTA N. 1984. Nematodos, Diagn&oacute;stico y Combate. Universidad de Puerto Rico. Servicio de Extensi&oacute;n Agr&iacute;cola. Puerto Rico.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">SIKORA&nbsp; R. A.; SKOWRONEK A. 2002.&nbsp; Biological Control of Planat Parasitic Nematodes with Antagonistic Bacteria on Different hots Plants. Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms. Bonn University.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">COOK, R. J., AND K. F. BARKER. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Barker, K. F. 1987. Evolving Concepts of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25:67-85.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">AHMED, R. 1990. Studies on the Efficacy of Pasteuria Penetrans for the Biological Control of Meloidogyne Species. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Reading, Reading, UK.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">AGRIOS, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. Academic Press, San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto. pp. 838.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Adiko, A. 1984. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita with Paecilomyces lilacinus. M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-09-01 22:24:40","updated":"2018-08-07 15:39:19","published":"2015-09-01 23:32:32","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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Algunos autores recomiendan que para evitar la diseminación de los nemátodos se debe eliminar todo tipo de material vegetativo infestado y debe tratarse el suelo con un desinfectante o con calor, evitar la entrada al invernadero de herramienta y maquinaria contaminada, rotación de cultivos, uso de variedades altamente tolerantes o resistentes y nematicidas, entre otros.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art174-control-de-nematodos\/nematodo-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":",4,","keywords":"control,nematodos,extractos,vegetales,invernaderos","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/31. Control de Nematodos con Extractos Vegetales.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> <span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:18px\">Mart&iacute;n de Jes&uacute;s S&aacute;ntiz <\/strong>. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Introducci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los nem&aacute;todos son organismos multicelulares, tienen forma de &ldquo;gusano&rdquo; delgado, cil&iacute;ndrico y alargado, con el di&aacute;metro reducido en los extremos, generalmente microsc&oacute;picos (0.5 mm de longitud aproximadamente), poseen la mayor&iacute;a de los sistemas fisiol&oacute;gicos de los organismos superiores con excepci&oacute;n del respiratorio y circulatorio.&nbsp; Estos organismos invaden los tallos, hojas y semillas de las plantas, ra&iacute;ces, bulbos, tub&eacute;rculos y cormos (Rom&aacute;n y Acosta, 1984). El g&eacute;nero <em>Meloidogyne<\/em> spp., se conoce como el g&eacute;nero de mayor importancia econ&oacute;mica en jitomate, estos nem&aacute;todos causan graves da&ntilde;os y la p&eacute;rdida de rendimiento a un gran n&uacute;mero de plantas cultivadas y sobre todo en los cultivos de hortalizas en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales (Sikora y Skowronek, 2002). En este art&iacute;culo se presentan los resultados de un trabajo realizado en los meses de marzo a junio de 2015 en un invernadero de jitomate situado en San Pedro Nopala,&nbsp; Oaxaca con alta infestaci&oacute;n de nem&aacute;todos, en donde se obtuvieron excelentes resultados&nbsp; en el control de nem&aacute;todos mediante el uso de un nematicida a base de extracto vegetal, fertilizantes, bioestimulantes, y la incorporaci&oacute;n de microorganismos al suelo.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Nemátodo \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art174-control-de-nematodos\/nematodo-microscopio.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff \"><strong> Figura 1. Nematodo visto desde un microscopio<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Antecedentes del control biol&oacute;gico de nem&aacute;todos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El control de nem&aacute;todos no es sencillo porque su eficacia depende de la identificaci&oacute;n correcta del organismo a controlar, del cultivo afectado, de un conocimiento de fisiolog&iacute;a y biolog&iacute;a de ambos organismos (planta y nem&aacute;todo) y de los factores ambientales asociados con la expresi&oacute;n de s&iacute;ntomas. Algunos autores recomiendan que para evitar la diseminaci&oacute;n de los nem&aacute;todos se debe eliminar todo tipo de material vegetativo infestado y debe tratarse el suelo con un desinfectante o con calor, evitar la entrada al invernadero de herramienta y maquinaria contaminada, rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos, uso de variedades altamente tolerantes o resistentes y nematicidas, entre otros.&nbsp;&nbsp; El control biol&oacute;gico de pat&oacute;genos del suelo por introducci&oacute;n de microorganismos se ha estudiado por m&aacute;s de 65 a&ntilde;os (Cook y Barker, 1983; Barker, 1987), pero durante m&aacute;s de todo este tiempo no fue considerado comercialmente factible. El biocontrol de nem&aacute;todos fue estudiado por primera vez por Duddington (1951). El desarrollo de agentes de control biol&oacute;gico tambi&eacute;n se considera una alternativa eficaz para control de nem&aacute;todos en las hortalizas (Van Gundy, 1985, Kerry, 1987; Sikora, 1992).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Ciclo biol&oacute;gico de nem&aacute;todos <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los nem&aacute;todos tienen seis etapas de desarrollo: huevo, cuatro etapas juveniles y el adulto. El huevo es generalmente depositado en distintas etapas de desarrollo, en el suelo o dentro del tejido de la planta. En algunas especies est&aacute;n protegidos por una capa gelatinosa. Cuando el huevo es fecundado sufre una serie de divisiones mientras pasa por las etapas hasta llegar al estado juvenil. En la mayor&iacute;a de las especies que afectan a las plantas en el segundo estado juvenil emerge del huevo, se mueve por el suelo y penetra e invade el tejido de la planta. Esta etapa, que es generalmente la infecciosa, es en la mayor&iacute;a de las especies una que resiste a las condiciones ambientales (Roman y Acosta, 1984).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>S&iacute;ntomas&nbsp; <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Se presenta como marchitez, clorosis, enanismo, falta de vigor de la parte a&eacute;rea de la planta, por falta de agua y nutrimentos, ya que los nem&aacute;todos obstruyen el paso de &eacute;stos; en la parte radicular de la planta se encuentran ra&iacute;ces con n&oacute;dulos con apariencia de papa, desprendimiento, deformaci&oacute;n y necrosis de la corteza de ra&iacute;ces, proliferaci&oacute;n excesiva de ra&iacute;ces (escoba de brujas), &aacute;pices o extremos de las ra&iacute;ces se atrofian, y en algunas casos el sistema radical es pobremente desarrollado. La severidad del da&ntilde;o depende de la variedad (algunas variedades de jitomate poseen resistencia o alta tolerancia a nem&aacute;todos), de la especie de nem&aacute;todo, la edad de la planta y de las condiciones ambientales prevalecientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Tratamiento para control de nem&aacute;todos en jitomate en San Pedro Nopala, Oaxaca<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Se aplic&oacute; un tratamiento en donde se emple&oacute; el d&iacute;a 1 un nematicida a base de extracto vegetal de alta eficiencia bil&oacute;gica, dado que su componente Triazol carbox&iacute;lico presenta un efecto contundente al eliminar fuentes energ&eacute;ticas del nem&aacute;todo, desactiv&aacute;ndolos y caus&aacute;ndoles finalmente la muerte, dirigido a adultos que a&uacute;n no han penetrado a las ra&iacute;ces de las plantas, a dosis de un litro de producto comercial en 200 litros de agua y de aplicaci&oacute;n al &ldquo;drench&rdquo; (con mochila aspersora sin boquilla) para una superficie de 1500 m<sup>2<\/sup> de invernadero.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el segundo paso o d&iacute;a 2 se aplic&oacute;&nbsp; fertilizante&nbsp; org&aacute;nico que contiene nitr&oacute;geno, fosforo, potasio y elementos secundarios, materia org&aacute;nica y compatible con microorganismos del suelo, a una dosis de 500 mL en 200 litros de agua. Se a&ntilde;adieron tambi&eacute;n 2 bioestimulantes, uno a&nbsp; base de algas marinas (<em>Ascophyllum nodosum<\/em>) a una dosis de 500 mL en 200 L de agua y el otro a base de auxinas a una dosis de 500 g en 200 L de agua.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el d&iacute;a 3 se aplic&oacute; un &ldquo;fermentado&rdquo; el cual consiste en que: desde el d&iacute;a 1 se llena un tonel de 200 L de agua a la mitad (100 litros) y se adicionan productos a base de &aacute;cidos h&uacute;micos y f&uacute;lvicos de 1 kg o 1 litro dependiendo la presentaci&oacute;n del producto,&nbsp; 150 g de az&uacute;car o 500 mL de melaza, 125 mL de un producto comercial a base de <em>Paecilomyces lilacinus, <\/em>&nbsp;125 mL de un producto comercial a base de <em>Trichoderma harzianum <\/em>y 500 mL de un producto a base de <em>Bacillus subtilis. <\/em>Se tapa para evitar contaminaci&oacute;n y estimular una mejor fermentaci&oacute;n, al tercer d&iacute;a se destapa y se llena el tonel a su capacidad y se aplica v&iacute;a &ldquo;Drench&rdquo;.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El tratamiento se repite a los&nbsp; 15 d&iacute;as y en las primeras etapas de la planta se aconseja la aplicaci&oacute;n de los productos v&iacute;a drench y en etapas posteriores v&iacute;a riego para abarcar la mayor&iacute;a del sistema de ra&iacute;ces de las plantas, a partir de la segunda aplicaci&oacute;n el tratamiento se aplica cada 30 d&iacute;as.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#B22222\"><strong>Resultados y Conclusiones<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> Los resultados fueron excelentes y muy satisfactorios ya que despu&eacute;s de haber utilizado muchos agroqu&iacute;micos altamente t&oacute;xicos y de manera desmesurada, sin obtener buenos resultados, el tratamiento a base de extractos vegetales, bioestimulantes y microorganismos ben&eacute;ficos permiti&oacute; el desarrollo del cultivo de jitomate de manera normal sin disminuir el rendimiento, por lo que es una excelente opci&oacute;n para el control de nem&aacute;todos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Control de Nemátodos \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art174-control-de-nematodos\/control-de-nematodos.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #000000; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff \"><strong> Figura 2. Control efectivo de nematodos en jitomate<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#B22222\">Fuentes consultadas&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">ROM&Aacute;N J., ACOSTA N. 1984. Nematodos, Diagn&oacute;stico y Combate. Universidad de Puerto Rico. Servicio de Extensi&oacute;n Agr&iacute;cola. Puerto Rico.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">SIKORA&nbsp; R. A.; SKOWRONEK A. 2002.&nbsp; Biological Control of Planat Parasitic Nematodes with Antagonistic Bacteria on Different hots Plants. Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms. Bonn University.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">COOK, R. J., AND K. F. BARKER. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Barker, K. F. 1987. Evolving Concepts of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology 25:67-85.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">AHMED, R. 1990. Studies on the Efficacy of Pasteuria Penetrans for the Biological Control of Meloidogyne Species. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Reading, Reading, UK.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">AGRIOS, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology. Academic Press, San Diego, London, Boston, New York, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto. pp. 838.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Adiko, A. 1984. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita with Paecilomyces lilacinus. M.Sc. Thesis. Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-09-01 22:24:40","updated":"2018-08-07 15:39:19","published":"2015-09-01 23:32:32","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"control-de-nematodos-con-extractos-vegetales","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"control-de-nematodos-con-extractos-vegetales","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}