{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":356,"views":572903,"title":"Cálculo de la Dosificación de un Plaguicida","fb_title":"","link":"calculo-de-la-dosificacian-de-un-plaguicida","desc":"El establecimiento de un cultivo implica necesariamente diseñar un programa de manejo de plagas y enfermedades. Dentro de este programa es común el uso de plaguicidas (herbicidas, insecticidas y fungicidas) para prevenir o controlar plagas. En el mercado de plaguicidas existen diferentes formulaciones y concentraciones de ingrediente activo, pero ¿Cómo saber cuánto aplicar (dosis) para un cultivo específico?","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art362-calculo-dosificacion-plaguicidas\/C%C3%A1lculo%20de%20dosis%20de%20plaguicidas.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"Plaguicidas,Agroquímicos,Dosis,Dosificación,Concentración,Ingrediente,Activo,Insecticidas,Herbicidas,Bactericida,Aplicaciones,Dirigidas,Producto,Cálculos,Hectárea","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/75. Calculo de la Dosificacion de un Plaguicida.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>Introducci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El establecimiento de un cultivo implica necesariamente dise&ntilde;ar un programa de manejo de plagas y enfermedades. Dentro de este programa es com&uacute;n el uso de plaguicidas (herbicidas, insecticidas y fungicidas) para prevenir o controlar plagas. En el mercado de plaguicidas existen diferentes formulaciones y concentraciones de ingrediente activo, pero &iquest;C&oacute;mo saber cu&aacute;nto aplicar (dosis) para un cultivo espec&iacute;fico?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el campo hay una gran cantidad de factores a considerar para decidir la cantidad de producto a utilizar, estos son: tipo de cultivo, hora del d&iacute;a adecuada, equipo disponible,&nbsp; plaga o enfermedad que se desea controlar, y el producto a utilizar. Los plaguicidas usados en la agricultura vienen con un etiquetado que espec&iacute;fica su composici&oacute;n y la dosis recomendada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Usualmente la dosis viene expresada en kilogramos por hect&aacute;rea (kg\/ha), litros por hect&aacute;rea (L\/ha) o mililitros por hect&aacute;rea (mL\/ha), dependiendo de sus caracter&iacute;sticas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La correcta dosificaci&oacute;n del plaguicida y la calibraci&oacute;n del equipo de aspersi&oacute;n permiten el adecuado control del pat&oacute;geno, disminuyendo el riesgo de la generaci&oacute;n de resistencia de las plagas y da&ntilde;os a los cultivos, as&iacute; como la contaminaci&oacute;n al ambiente. Adem&aacute;s, se logra un ahorro econ&oacute;mico para el productor al optimizar el uso del producto y controlar de manera oportuna la plaga.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"la-papa-es-un-cultivo-muy-extendido\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art362-calculo-dosificacion-plaguicidas\/aplicacion-de-agroquimicos.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 1. Para la aplicaci&oacute;n de agroqu&iacute;micos se necesita conocer la superficie real de aplicaci&oacute;n.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Foto: Intagri<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>Bases para una buena aplicaci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>Calidad del agua<\/em>: caracter&iacute;stica que incide en el &eacute;xito de la aplicaci&oacute;n, durabilidad de las boquillas y estado general del equipo de aplicaci&oacute;n. Las principales caracter&iacute;sticas del agua que pueden reducir significativamente la actividad de los ingredientes activos de los plaguicidas son: pH, dureza (presencia de iones de Ca y Mg), y s&oacute;lidos disueltos (materia org&aacute;nica y arcillas en suspensi&oacute;n).<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>Efectividad<\/em>: est&aacute; relacionada con la correcta elecci&oacute;n del producto a aplicar.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>Momento Oportuno<\/em>: la &eacute;poca para actuar basado en el estado de desarrollo del cultivo y de las plagas (insecto, bacteria, hongo, malezas, etc.).<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>Homogeneidad<\/em>: consiste en colocar el producto en cantidad y cobertura indicada. Se logra utilizando el equipamiento y la calibraci&oacute;n adecuada. La elecci&oacute;n de la boquilla del equipo de aspersi&oacute;n en un aspecto cr&iacute;tico.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); height:20px; width:638px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 1. La selecci&oacute;n de la boquilla puede resultar en una adecuada o incorrecta aplicaci&oacute;n.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Inostroza, 2009.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Boquilla tipo c&oacute;nica<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Boquilla tipo abanico<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Trabaja con alta presi&oacute;n<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Trabaja con baja presi&oacute;n<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Genera gotas peque&ntilde;as<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Genera gotas medias a grandes<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:24px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&Oacute;ptima cobertura<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:24px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Cobertura media<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Muy sujeta a deriva<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Baja deriva<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Mayormente utilizada en fungicidas e insecticidas<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Mayormente utilizadas para herbicidas<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>C&aacute;lculo de la dosificaci&oacute;n de un plaguicida<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los plaguicidas se pueden dosificar de diferentes formas dependiendo del tipo de aplicaci&oacute;n y cultivo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>1. Aplicaciones en cobertura total (a&eacute;rea<\/strong>). Los plaguicidas que se aplican en forma foliar sobre cultivos en campo protegidos bajo cubierta o en invernadero, se dosifican en concentraci&oacute;n como % de concentraci&oacute;n del caldo, es decir, la dosis se calcula en base a la concentraci&oacute;n del ingrediente activo (i.a.) del plaguicida.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>2. Aplicaciones en banda (Dirigidas). <\/strong>Los plaguicidas que se aplican en banda se dosifican en base al &aacute;rea tratada. En las dosis recomendadas de los agroqu&iacute;micos se manejan superficies definidas completas (hect&aacute;reas, principalmente), es decir, las dosis se diluyen en agua conforme a las instrucciones y se aplican de esa manera (aplicaci&oacute;n completa), pero cuando se tiene un cultivo que est&aacute; distribuido principalmente en camas o surcos las dosis ya no se aplican igual por el espaciamiento entre estas (aplicaci&oacute;n dirigida), es por eso que se tiene que considerar el espacio real al que se le va a aplicar para evitar excesos y desperdicios de producto.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;<strong>a<em>). C&aacute;lculo del volumen de agua. <\/em><\/strong>El agua empleada en la mezcla de aspersi&oacute;n, es un medio que sirve de vehiculo al plaguicida. Las aplicaciones dirigidas utilizan un menor volumen de agua debido a que solo una parte de la superficie total del terreno es tratada. En este sentido para calcular el volumen de agua se emplea la formula de la figura 2. Por otra parte, los volumenes usuales de agua que se necesitan asperjar para diferentes cultivos (LPH) se muestran en el cuadro 2.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); width:425px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 2. Volumen de agua a asperjar en diferentes cultivos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Matthews, 1992; Carrero, 1996.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Volumen<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cultivo en campo<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Herb&aacute;ceos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Alto (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&gt; 600<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&gt; 800<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Medio (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">200 &ndash; 600<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">250 - 800<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Bajo (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">50 &ndash; 200<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">75 &ndash; 250<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Muy Bajo (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">5 &ndash; 20<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">7.5 - 75<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Ulta bajo (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&lt; 5<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&lt; 7.5<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>b<em>). C&aacute;lculo del la dosis del plaguicida. <\/em><\/strong>Al realizar aplicaciones dirigidas o en banda, se debe calcular la dosis del plaguicida a utilizar. Mediante el ancho del surco y la separaci&oacute;n entre surcos o camas es posible calcular la dosificaci&oacute;n correcta. La formula a utilizar se muestra en la figura 3.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"formula-para-calcular-el-volumen-de-agua-a-utilizar\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art362-calculo-dosificacion-plaguicidas\/formula-para-calcular-el-volumen-de-agua.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2. F&oacute;rmula para calcular el volumen de agua a utilizar para aplicaci&oacute;n en banda.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Qui&ntilde;ones, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"formula-para-calcular-la-dosis-de-producto\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art362-calculo-dosificacion-plaguicidas\/formula-para-calcular-la-dosis-de-producto.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 3. F&oacute;rmula para calcular la dosis de producto para aplicaci&oacute;n en banda.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Qui&ntilde;ones, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><u>Ejemplo de la dosificaci&oacute;n para aplicaci&oacute;n en banda<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Datos:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; N<\/strong>&deg; <strong>boquillas: <\/strong>2<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; ab <\/strong>= 35 cm<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; ds <\/strong>= 80 cm<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp; Superficie<\/strong>: 2.5 has.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp; <strong>Dosis total (PR\/ha): <\/strong>75 ml<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1. C&aacute;lculo de volumen de agua<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>H = (60,000 X (0.69 X 2)) \/ (4.5 KPH x 80 cm) = 230 LPH<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>2. C&aacute;lculo de la dosis de producto:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Dosis total<\/strong> (PR\/Ha)=75 ml<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Cantidad de Producto = (35\/80) x 75 ml\/ha = 33 ml\/ha<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>3. C&aacute;lculo de producto para 2.5 has.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Producto= 33 ml\/ha x 2.5 has&nbsp;&nbsp; = 82.5 ml<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p>En el curso-Taller sobre Tecnolog&iacute;a de Aplicaci&oacute;n de Plaguicidas y Quimigaci&oacute;n en Cultivos, se realizar&aacute;n ejemplos y c&aacute;lculos de la dosificaci&oacute;n de plaguicidas para aplicaci&oacute;n dirigida (en banda). Durante el a&ntilde;o 2017 habr&aacute; diferentes fechas y sedes del curso. Recuerda que el objetivo de la Tecnolog&iacute;a de Aplicaci&oacute;n es: colocar justo sobre los blancos el suficiente ingrediente activo para lograr el resultado biol&oacute;gico deseado con econom&iacute;a y seguridad.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">INTAGRI. 2017. C&aacute;lculo de la Dosificaci&oacute;n de un Plaguicida. Serie Fitosanidad. N&uacute;m. 75. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Inostroza, F.J. 2009. Manual de Papa para la Araucan&iacute;a: Manejo y Plantaci&oacute;n. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Bolet&iacute;n INIA N&deg; 193. Temuco, Chile. 115 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Magdalena, J.C.; Castillo, H.B.; Di Prinzio, A.; Homer, B.I.; Villalba, J. 2010. Tecnolog&iacute;a de Aplicaci&oacute;n de Agroqu&iacute;micos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog&iacute;a Agropecuaria. Argentina. 200 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Qui&ntilde;ones, L.S. 2016. Principios B&aacute;sicos en la Aplicaci&oacute;n de Agroqu&iacute;micos. Curso de Aplicaci&oacute;n Eficiente de Agroqu&iacute;micos. Intagri. Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Raimondo, J. Mezclas de Plaguicidas. Jornada de Actualizaci&oacute;n Elementos Fundamentales para el Buen uso de Fitoter&aacute;picos: Dosis, Modo de Acci&oacute;n y Prevenci&oacute;n de Deriva. 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Dentro de este programa es común el uso de plaguicidas (herbicidas, insecticidas y fungicidas) para prevenir o controlar plagas. En el mercado de plaguicidas existen diferentes formulaciones y concentraciones de ingrediente activo, pero ¿Cómo saber cuánto aplicar (dosis) para un cultivo específico?","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art362-calculo-dosificacion-plaguicidas\/C%C3%A1lculo%20de%20dosis%20de%20plaguicidas.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":"","keywords":"Plaguicidas,Agroquímicos,Dosis,Dosificación,Concentración,Ingrediente,Activo,Insecticidas,Herbicidas,Bactericida,Aplicaciones,Dirigidas,Producto,Cálculos,Hectárea","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/75. Calculo de la Dosificacion de un Plaguicida.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>Introducci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">El establecimiento de un cultivo implica necesariamente dise&ntilde;ar un programa de manejo de plagas y enfermedades. Dentro de este programa es com&uacute;n el uso de plaguicidas (herbicidas, insecticidas y fungicidas) para prevenir o controlar plagas. En el mercado de plaguicidas existen diferentes formulaciones y concentraciones de ingrediente activo, pero &iquest;C&oacute;mo saber cu&aacute;nto aplicar (dosis) para un cultivo espec&iacute;fico?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el campo hay una gran cantidad de factores a considerar para decidir la cantidad de producto a utilizar, estos son: tipo de cultivo, hora del d&iacute;a adecuada, equipo disponible,&nbsp; plaga o enfermedad que se desea controlar, y el producto a utilizar. Los plaguicidas usados en la agricultura vienen con un etiquetado que espec&iacute;fica su composici&oacute;n y la dosis recomendada.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Usualmente la dosis viene expresada en kilogramos por hect&aacute;rea (kg\/ha), litros por hect&aacute;rea (L\/ha) o mililitros por hect&aacute;rea (mL\/ha), dependiendo de sus caracter&iacute;sticas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La correcta dosificaci&oacute;n del plaguicida y la calibraci&oacute;n del equipo de aspersi&oacute;n permiten el adecuado control del pat&oacute;geno, disminuyendo el riesgo de la generaci&oacute;n de resistencia de las plagas y da&ntilde;os a los cultivos, as&iacute; como la contaminaci&oacute;n al ambiente. Adem&aacute;s, se logra un ahorro econ&oacute;mico para el productor al optimizar el uso del producto y controlar de manera oportuna la plaga.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\"la-papa-es-un-cultivo-muy-extendido\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art362-calculo-dosificacion-plaguicidas\/aplicacion-de-agroquimicos.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 1. Para la aplicaci&oacute;n de agroqu&iacute;micos se necesita conocer la superficie real de aplicaci&oacute;n.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Foto: Intagri<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>Bases para una buena aplicaci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>Calidad del agua<\/em>: caracter&iacute;stica que incide en el &eacute;xito de la aplicaci&oacute;n, durabilidad de las boquillas y estado general del equipo de aplicaci&oacute;n. Las principales caracter&iacute;sticas del agua que pueden reducir significativamente la actividad de los ingredientes activos de los plaguicidas son: pH, dureza (presencia de iones de Ca y Mg), y s&oacute;lidos disueltos (materia org&aacute;nica y arcillas en suspensi&oacute;n).<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>Efectividad<\/em>: est&aacute; relacionada con la correcta elecci&oacute;n del producto a aplicar.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>Momento Oportuno<\/em>: la &eacute;poca para actuar basado en el estado de desarrollo del cultivo y de las plagas (insecto, bacteria, hongo, malezas, etc.).<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><em>Homogeneidad<\/em>: consiste en colocar el producto en cantidad y cobertura indicada. Se logra utilizando el equipamiento y la calibraci&oacute;n adecuada. La elecci&oacute;n de la boquilla del equipo de aspersi&oacute;n en un aspecto cr&iacute;tico.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); height:20px; width:638px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 1. La selecci&oacute;n de la boquilla puede resultar en una adecuada o incorrecta aplicaci&oacute;n.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Inostroza, 2009.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Boquilla tipo c&oacute;nica<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Boquilla tipo abanico<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Trabaja con alta presi&oacute;n<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Trabaja con baja presi&oacute;n<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Genera gotas peque&ntilde;as<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:19px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Genera gotas medias a grandes<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:24px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&Oacute;ptima cobertura<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:24px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Cobertura media<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Muy sujeta a deriva<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:18px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Baja deriva<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:340px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Mayormente utilizada en fungicidas e insecticidas<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:20px; width:297px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Mayormente utilizadas para herbicidas<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>C&aacute;lculo de la dosificaci&oacute;n de un plaguicida<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los plaguicidas se pueden dosificar de diferentes formas dependiendo del tipo de aplicaci&oacute;n y cultivo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>1. Aplicaciones en cobertura total (a&eacute;rea<\/strong>). Los plaguicidas que se aplican en forma foliar sobre cultivos en campo protegidos bajo cubierta o en invernadero, se dosifican en concentraci&oacute;n como % de concentraci&oacute;n del caldo, es decir, la dosis se calcula en base a la concentraci&oacute;n del ingrediente activo (i.a.) del plaguicida.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>2. Aplicaciones en banda (Dirigidas). <\/strong>Los plaguicidas que se aplican en banda se dosifican en base al &aacute;rea tratada. En las dosis recomendadas de los agroqu&iacute;micos se manejan superficies definidas completas (hect&aacute;reas, principalmente), es decir, las dosis se diluyen en agua conforme a las instrucciones y se aplican de esa manera (aplicaci&oacute;n completa), pero cuando se tiene un cultivo que est&aacute; distribuido principalmente en camas o surcos las dosis ya no se aplican igual por el espaciamiento entre estas (aplicaci&oacute;n dirigida), es por eso que se tiene que considerar el espacio real al que se le va a aplicar para evitar excesos y desperdicios de producto.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">&nbsp;<strong>a<em>). C&aacute;lculo del volumen de agua. <\/em><\/strong>El agua empleada en la mezcla de aspersi&oacute;n, es un medio que sirve de vehiculo al plaguicida. Las aplicaciones dirigidas utilizan un menor volumen de agua debido a que solo una parte de la superficie total del terreno es tratada. En este sentido para calcular el volumen de agua se emplea la formula de la figura 2. Por otra parte, los volumenes usuales de agua que se necesitan asperjar para diferentes cultivos (LPH) se muestran en el cuadro 2.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); width:425px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Cuadro 2. Volumen de agua a asperjar en diferentes cultivos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Matthews, 1992; Carrero, 1996.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Volumen<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Cultivo en campo<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Herb&aacute;ceos<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Alto (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&gt; 600<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&gt; 800<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Medio (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">200 &ndash; 600<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">250 - 800<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Bajo (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">50 &ndash; 200<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">75 &ndash; 250<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Muy Bajo (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">5 &ndash; 20<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">7.5 - 75<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:118px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">Ulta bajo (HV)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:137px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&lt; 5<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:170px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:center\">&lt; 7.5<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>b<em>). C&aacute;lculo del la dosis del plaguicida. <\/em><\/strong>Al realizar aplicaciones dirigidas o en banda, se debe calcular la dosis del plaguicida a utilizar. Mediante el ancho del surco y la separaci&oacute;n entre surcos o camas es posible calcular la dosificaci&oacute;n correcta. La formula a utilizar se muestra en la figura 3.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"formula-para-calcular-el-volumen-de-agua-a-utilizar\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art362-calculo-dosificacion-plaguicidas\/formula-para-calcular-el-volumen-de-agua.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2. F&oacute;rmula para calcular el volumen de agua a utilizar para aplicaci&oacute;n en banda.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Qui&ntilde;ones, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"formula-para-calcular-la-dosis-de-producto\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art362-calculo-dosificacion-plaguicidas\/formula-para-calcular-la-dosis-de-producto.jpg\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(255, 153, 51); text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 3. F&oacute;rmula para calcular la dosis de producto para aplicaci&oacute;n en banda.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Qui&ntilde;ones, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><u>Ejemplo de la dosificaci&oacute;n para aplicaci&oacute;n en banda<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Datos:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; N<\/strong>&deg; <strong>boquillas: <\/strong>2<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; ab <\/strong>= 35 cm<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; ds <\/strong>= 80 cm<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp; Superficie<\/strong>: 2.5 has.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp; <strong>Dosis total (PR\/ha): <\/strong>75 ml<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1. C&aacute;lculo de volumen de agua<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>H = (60,000 X (0.69 X 2)) \/ (4.5 KPH x 80 cm) = 230 LPH<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>2. C&aacute;lculo de la dosis de producto:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Dosis total<\/strong> (PR\/Ha)=75 ml<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Cantidad de Producto = (35\/80) x 75 ml\/ha = 33 ml\/ha<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>3. C&aacute;lculo de producto para 2.5 has.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Producto= 33 ml\/ha x 2.5 has&nbsp;&nbsp; = 82.5 ml<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p>En el curso-Taller sobre Tecnolog&iacute;a de Aplicaci&oacute;n de Plaguicidas y Quimigaci&oacute;n en Cultivos, se realizar&aacute;n ejemplos y c&aacute;lculos de la dosificaci&oacute;n de plaguicidas para aplicaci&oacute;n dirigida (en banda). Durante el a&ntilde;o 2017 habr&aacute; diferentes fechas y sedes del curso. Recuerda que el objetivo de la Tecnolog&iacute;a de Aplicaci&oacute;n es: colocar justo sobre los blancos el suficiente ingrediente activo para lograr el resultado biol&oacute;gico deseado con econom&iacute;a y seguridad.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>Cita correcta de este art&iacute;culo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">INTAGRI. 2017. C&aacute;lculo de la Dosificaci&oacute;n de un Plaguicida. Serie Fitosanidad. N&uacute;m. 75. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 4 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"color:#ff6600\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Inostroza, F.J. 2009. Manual de Papa para la Araucan&iacute;a: Manejo y Plantaci&oacute;n. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Bolet&iacute;n INIA N&deg; 193. Temuco, Chile. 115 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Magdalena, J.C.; Castillo, H.B.; Di Prinzio, A.; Homer, B.I.; Villalba, J. 2010. Tecnolog&iacute;a de Aplicaci&oacute;n de Agroqu&iacute;micos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog&iacute;a Agropecuaria. Argentina. 200 p.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Qui&ntilde;ones, L.S. 2016. Principios B&aacute;sicos en la Aplicaci&oacute;n de Agroqu&iacute;micos. Curso de Aplicaci&oacute;n Eficiente de Agroqu&iacute;micos. Intagri. Guanajuato, M&eacute;xico.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Raimondo, J. Mezclas de Plaguicidas. Jornada de Actualizaci&oacute;n Elementos Fundamentales para el Buen uso de Fitoter&aacute;picos: Dosis, Modo de Acci&oacute;n y Prevenci&oacute;n de Deriva. Tucum&aacute;n, Argentina. 28-31 p.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\" style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2017-01-07 13:47:45","updated":"2018-09-18 17:40:20","published":"2017-01-09 17:21:48","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"calculo-de-la-dosificacian-de-un-plaguicida","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"calculo-de-la-dosificacian-de-un-plaguicida","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}