{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":230,"views":82650,"title":"Manejo Integrado de Malezas en Sorgo","fb_title":"","link":"manejo-integrado-de-malezas-en-sorgo","desc":"El manejo integrado de malezas en sorgo debe considerar la aplicación de prácticas de control oportunas para evitar los daños directos por competencia de las malezas por luz, agua y nutrimentos. En sorgo, el período crítico de competencia de malezas se ha señalado como los primeros 30 a 35 días de desarrollo de la mayoría de los híbridos para grano.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art240-manejo-malezas-sorgo\/Malezas%20sorgo-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":9,"related":",8,","keywords":"manejo,integrado,malezas,sorgo","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Cereales\/22. Manejo Integrado de Malezas en Sorgo.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Dr. Enrique Rosales Robles<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Profesor del curso de Sorgo y Soya, 2016<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El sorgo para grano es uno de los cultivos extensivos m&aacute;s importantes en M&eacute;xico y en toda&nbsp; Latinoam&eacute;rica, dada su rusticidad y amplia adaptaci&oacute;n a una gran gama de ambientes. Dentro de los principales factores que limitan la producci&oacute;n de sorgo est&aacute; el deficiente control de malezas, tanto de hoja ancha o dicotiled&oacute;neas como gram&iacute;neas o zacates. El primer paso en el dise&ntilde;o de programas de manejo integrado de malezas es la identificaci&oacute;n correcta de las especies que se asocian al sorgo. Por lo general, en las siembras de sorgo en el ciclo oto&ntilde;o-invierno son comunes las malezas de hoja ancha al inicio del desarrollo del cultivo, mientras que en siembra en el ciclo primavera-verano es  com&uacute;n la presencia de malezas tanto de hoja ancha como gram&iacute;neas. Entre las principales especies que se asocian al sorgo en M&eacute;xico se pueden citar a los quelites o bledos del g&eacute;nero <em>Amaranthus<\/em>, el girasol silvestre <em>Helianthus annuus<\/em> L., el trompillo <em>Solanum elaeagnifolium<\/em> Cav., el gigant&oacute;n <em>Tithonia tubiformis <\/em>(Jacq.) Cass.,<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Deficiencias \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art240-manejo-malezas-sorgo\/deficiente.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #5FB404; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 1. El deficiente control de malezas reduce drásticamente el rendimiento potencial del sorgo.\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: Dr. Enrique Rosales Robles.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> las correhuelas o bejucos del g&eacute;nero <em>Ipomoea<\/em>, el chayotillo <em>Xanthiun strumarium<\/em> L. y la hierba amargosa <em>Parthenium hysterophorus<\/em> L. Mientras que entre las malezas gram&iacute;neas se pueden citar a varias especies de los g&eacute;neros <em>Urochloa, Echinochloa, Leptochloa, Setaria <\/em>y<em> Cenchrus<\/em>, destacando el zacate Johnson <em>Sorghum halepense<\/em> (L.) Pers y la ca&ntilde;ita <em>Sorghum bicolor<\/em> (L.) Moench, por ser del mismo g&eacute;nero que el sorgo para grano.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El manejo integrado de malezas en sorgo debe considerar la aplicaci&oacute;n de pr&aacute;cticas de control oportunas para evitar los da&ntilde;os directos por competencia de las malezas por luz, agua y nutrimentos. En sorgo, el per&iacute;odo cr&iacute;tico de competencia de malezas se ha se&ntilde;alado como los primeros 30 a 35 d&iacute;as de desarrollo de la mayor&iacute;a de los h&iacute;bridos para grano. En un estudio realizado en Tamaulipas, M&eacute;xico, se observ&oacute; una reducci&oacute;n del rendimiento de grano de 20, 39 y 57% cuando se permiti&oacute; la competencia del girasol silvestre con el sorgo en las primeras 4, 6 y 8 semanas del desarrollo del cultivo, respectivamente, con un m&aacute;ximo de 79% de reducci&oacute;n del rendimiento de grano al permitir la competencia por 12 semanas. Mientras que el rendimiento del sorgo se increment&oacute; significativamente al aumentar el periodo sin la competencia con girasol silvestre y se requiri&oacute; un periodo de 25 d&iacute;as sin la competencia de esta maleza, para obtener un rendimiento similar al obtenido en el tratamiento sin su competencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Competencias \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art240-manejo-malezas-sorgo\/competencia.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #5FB404; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 2. La competencia entre el sorgo y malezas como el girasol silvestre durante las primeras 12 semanas de desarrollo del cultivo, puede reducir el rendimiento en grano hasta en un 79%.\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: Dr. Enrique Rosales Robles.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La base del manejo integrado de malezas son las pr&aacute;cticas culturales que hacen al sorgo m&aacute;s competitivo hacia las malezas como son: la siembra en h&uacute;medo, el uso de surcos estrechos, la fecha y densidad de siembra, el uso de fertilizantes &ldquo;arrancadores&rdquo; en la siembra y la rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos. El obtener un campo de sorgo uniforme y vigoroso desde sus etapas iniciales evitar&aacute; en gran medida el establecimiento de malezas. Adem&aacute;s es com&uacute;n que los productores realicen de dos a tres escardas para el control de malezas que se asocian al sorgo y que se complementan con la aplicaci&oacute;n de herbicidas y en algunos casos con deshierbes manuales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Manejo integrado \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art240-manejo-malezas-sorgo\/Base.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #5FB404; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 3. La base del manejo integrado de malezas son las prácticas culturales que hacen al sorgo más competitivo hacia las malezas.\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: Dr. Enrique Rosales Robles.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La atrazina, un producto que data de la d&eacute;cada de los 60&acute;s, es el herbicida m&aacute;s utilizado en pre-emergencia (PRE) al sorgo y a las malezas. Es com&uacute;n que la aplicaci&oacute;n de atrazina se realice al momento de la siembra para evitar el establecimiento de las malezas y su competencia temprana. El uso de atrazina a raz&oacute;n de 1.0 kg i.a\/ha es muy conveniente en lotes con antecedente de fuertes infestaciones de malezas anuales de hoja ancha. Sin embargo, hay que tener cuidado con su dosis aplicada en suelos arenosos y con menos de 1% de materia org&aacute;nica, ya que si ocurren lluvias torrenciales&nbsp; la atrazina se puede lixiviar y causar da&ntilde;os al sorgo. Cuando se tengan lotes con problemas de malezas gram&iacute;neas es aconsejable la mezcla de atrazina con los herbicidas&nbsp; acetoclor y <em>s<\/em>-metaloclor que tienen mayor acci&oacute;n sobre malezas gram&iacute;neas anuales. El uso de estos herbicidas requiere que la semilla de sorgo se trate con el protector fluxofenim que inhibe sus efectos t&oacute;xicos sobre el sorgo al incrementar la acci&oacute;n de las enzimas que metabolizan estos herbicidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Los herbicidas hormonales, principalmente el 2,4-D y dicamba, son los m&aacute;s com&uacute;nmente usados para el control selectivo de malezas de hoja ancha anuales y perennes en post-emergencia (POST). Estos herbicidas pueden ser aplicados con buena selectividad al sorgo en un estado de desarrollo de tres a seis hojas liguladas (V3 a V6), ya que si se usan fuera de esta ventana de aplicaci&oacute;n es com&uacute;n que causen da&ntilde;os al cultivo. Adem&aacute;s, si se presentan a los vientos fuertes durante su aplicaci&oacute;n se pueden causar da&ntilde;os por la deriva de la aspersi&oacute;n a cultivos sensibles a este tipo de herbicidas particularmente, algodonero, tomate, y otros cultivos. A pesar de sus riesgos, los productores de sorgo siguen utilizando al 2,4-D por su bajo costo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Entre las alternativas posibles al uso de herbicidas hormonales est&aacute;n: bentazona, carfentrazone, prosulfuron y halosulfuron. La bentazona y el carfentrazone son herbicidas POST de contacto que tienen un control efectivo de algunas malezas de hoja ancha. El prosulfuron es un herbicida POST de la familia de las sulfonilureas que tiene un buen control de malezas de la familia Asteraceae como polocote, chayotillo y amargosa y que se caracteriza por su dosis baja de aplicaci&oacute;n, vida media corta y baja volatilidad que minimiza las posibilidades de da&ntilde;o a cultivos no-objetivo. El halosulfuron tambi&eacute;n pertenece a la familia de las sulfonilureas y es un herbicida POST que controla algunas malezas de hoja ancha, pero su principal virtud es que controla a los coquillos del g&eacute;nero <em>Cyperus<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El control qu&iacute;mico de malezas gram&iacute;neas en sorgo en POST es pr&aacute;cticamente imposible, con la excepci&oacute;n del uso de herbicidas no selectivos de contacto como paraquat y glufosinato de amonio en aspersiones dirigidas a las malezas y a la base de las plantas de sorgo. Cuando se tengan lotes con problemas serios de malezas gram&iacute;neas, especialmente ca&ntilde;ita y zacate Johnson, lo mejor es rotar a otros cultivos y no sembrar sorgo. En Estados Unidos se est&aacute; trabajando con genotipos de sorgo resistentes a los herbicida nicosulfuron y rimsulfuron que controlan gram&iacute;neas en POST, principalmente zacates anuales como <em>Setaria<\/em> y <em>Urochloa<\/em>, y ca&ntilde;ita y zacate Johnson, adem&aacute;s de algunas hojas anchas. Estos genotipos de sorgo llamados &ldquo;Inzen Z&rdquo; no son transg&eacute;nicos, sino que se han desarrollado por m&eacute;todos convencionales de mejoramiento gen&eacute;tico a partir de biotipos de ca&ntilde;ita resistentes a herbicidas inhibidores de la enzima ALS. Se espera en que un futuro cercano estos genotipos permitan el control POST selectivo de malezas gram&iacute;neas en sorgo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El uso adecuado de herbicidas debe incluir el equipo apropiado, agua de buena calidad, la calibraci&oacute;n correcta del equipo aspersor, el uso de coadyuvantes cuando lo indique la etiqueta del herbicida, el uso del equipo de protecci&oacute;n para el personal a cargo de la aspersi&oacute;n y la eliminaci&oacute;n adecuada de los envases de herbicidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-04-19 18:44:00","updated":"2019-04-23 19:42:28","published":"2016-04-19 18:53:52","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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En sorgo, el período crítico de competencia de malezas se ha señalado como los primeros 30 a 35 días de desarrollo de la mayoría de los híbridos para grano.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art240-manejo-malezas-sorgo\/Malezas%20sorgo-01.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":9,"related":",8,","keywords":"manejo,integrado,malezas,sorgo","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Cereales\/22. Manejo Integrado de Malezas en Sorgo.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Dr. Enrique Rosales Robles<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\"><strong>Profesor del curso de Sorgo y Soya, 2016<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n \r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> El sorgo para grano es uno de los cultivos extensivos m&aacute;s importantes en M&eacute;xico y en toda&nbsp; Latinoam&eacute;rica, dada su rusticidad y amplia adaptaci&oacute;n a una gran gama de ambientes. Dentro de los principales factores que limitan la producci&oacute;n de sorgo est&aacute; el deficiente control de malezas, tanto de hoja ancha o dicotiled&oacute;neas como gram&iacute;neas o zacates. El primer paso en el dise&ntilde;o de programas de manejo integrado de malezas es la identificaci&oacute;n correcta de las especies que se asocian al sorgo. Por lo general, en las siembras de sorgo en el ciclo oto&ntilde;o-invierno son comunes las malezas de hoja ancha al inicio del desarrollo del cultivo, mientras que en siembra en el ciclo primavera-verano es  com&uacute;n la presencia de malezas tanto de hoja ancha como gram&iacute;neas. Entre las principales especies que se asocian al sorgo en M&eacute;xico se pueden citar a los quelites o bledos del g&eacute;nero <em>Amaranthus<\/em>, el girasol silvestre <em>Helianthus annuus<\/em> L., el trompillo <em>Solanum elaeagnifolium<\/em> Cav., el gigant&oacute;n <em>Tithonia tubiformis <\/em>(Jacq.) Cass.,<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" Deficiencias \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art240-manejo-malezas-sorgo\/deficiente.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #5FB404; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 1. El deficiente control de malezas reduce drásticamente el rendimiento potencial del sorgo.\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: Dr. Enrique Rosales Robles.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"> las correhuelas o bejucos del g&eacute;nero <em>Ipomoea<\/em>, el chayotillo <em>Xanthiun strumarium<\/em> L. y la hierba amargosa <em>Parthenium hysterophorus<\/em> L. Mientras que entre las malezas gram&iacute;neas se pueden citar a varias especies de los g&eacute;neros <em>Urochloa, Echinochloa, Leptochloa, Setaria <\/em>y<em> Cenchrus<\/em>, destacando el zacate Johnson <em>Sorghum halepense<\/em> (L.) Pers y la ca&ntilde;ita <em>Sorghum bicolor<\/em> (L.) Moench, por ser del mismo g&eacute;nero que el sorgo para grano.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El manejo integrado de malezas en sorgo debe considerar la aplicaci&oacute;n de pr&aacute;cticas de control oportunas para evitar los da&ntilde;os directos por competencia de las malezas por luz, agua y nutrimentos. En sorgo, el per&iacute;odo cr&iacute;tico de competencia de malezas se ha se&ntilde;alado como los primeros 30 a 35 d&iacute;as de desarrollo de la mayor&iacute;a de los h&iacute;bridos para grano. En un estudio realizado en Tamaulipas, M&eacute;xico, se observ&oacute; una reducci&oacute;n del rendimiento de grano de 20, 39 y 57% cuando se permiti&oacute; la competencia del girasol silvestre con el sorgo en las primeras 4, 6 y 8 semanas del desarrollo del cultivo, respectivamente, con un m&aacute;ximo de 79% de reducci&oacute;n del rendimiento de grano al permitir la competencia por 12 semanas. Mientras que el rendimiento del sorgo se increment&oacute; significativamente al aumentar el periodo sin la competencia con girasol silvestre y se requiri&oacute; un periodo de 25 d&iacute;as sin la competencia de esta maleza, para obtener un rendimiento similar al obtenido en el tratamiento sin su competencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Competencias \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art240-manejo-malezas-sorgo\/competencia.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #5FB404; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 2. La competencia entre el sorgo y malezas como el girasol silvestre durante las primeras 12 semanas de desarrollo del cultivo, puede reducir el rendimiento en grano hasta en un 79%.\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: Dr. Enrique Rosales Robles.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La base del manejo integrado de malezas son las pr&aacute;cticas culturales que hacen al sorgo m&aacute;s competitivo hacia las malezas como son: la siembra en h&uacute;medo, el uso de surcos estrechos, la fecha y densidad de siembra, el uso de fertilizantes &ldquo;arrancadores&rdquo; en la siembra y la rotaci&oacute;n de cultivos. El obtener un campo de sorgo uniforme y vigoroso desde sus etapas iniciales evitar&aacute; en gran medida el establecimiento de malezas. Adem&aacute;s es com&uacute;n que los productores realicen de dos a tres escardas para el control de malezas que se asocian al sorgo y que se complementan con la aplicaci&oacute;n de herbicidas y en algunos casos con deshierbes manuales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\" Manejo integrado \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art240-manejo-malezas-sorgo\/Base.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color: #5FB404; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong> Figura 3. La base del manejo integrado de malezas son las prácticas culturales que hacen al sorgo más competitivo hacia las malezas.\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"> Foto: Dr. Enrique Rosales Robles.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La atrazina, un producto que data de la d&eacute;cada de los 60&acute;s, es el herbicida m&aacute;s utilizado en pre-emergencia (PRE) al sorgo y a las malezas. Es com&uacute;n que la aplicaci&oacute;n de atrazina se realice al momento de la siembra para evitar el establecimiento de las malezas y su competencia temprana. El uso de atrazina a raz&oacute;n de 1.0 kg i.a\/ha es muy conveniente en lotes con antecedente de fuertes infestaciones de malezas anuales de hoja ancha. Sin embargo, hay que tener cuidado con su dosis aplicada en suelos arenosos y con menos de 1% de materia org&aacute;nica, ya que si ocurren lluvias torrenciales&nbsp; la atrazina se puede lixiviar y causar da&ntilde;os al sorgo. Cuando se tengan lotes con problemas de malezas gram&iacute;neas es aconsejable la mezcla de atrazina con los herbicidas&nbsp; acetoclor y <em>s<\/em>-metaloclor que tienen mayor acci&oacute;n sobre malezas gram&iacute;neas anuales. El uso de estos herbicidas requiere que la semilla de sorgo se trate con el protector fluxofenim que inhibe sus efectos t&oacute;xicos sobre el sorgo al incrementar la acci&oacute;n de las enzimas que metabolizan estos herbicidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Los herbicidas hormonales, principalmente el 2,4-D y dicamba, son los m&aacute;s com&uacute;nmente usados para el control selectivo de malezas de hoja ancha anuales y perennes en post-emergencia (POST). Estos herbicidas pueden ser aplicados con buena selectividad al sorgo en un estado de desarrollo de tres a seis hojas liguladas (V3 a V6), ya que si se usan fuera de esta ventana de aplicaci&oacute;n es com&uacute;n que causen da&ntilde;os al cultivo. Adem&aacute;s, si se presentan a los vientos fuertes durante su aplicaci&oacute;n se pueden causar da&ntilde;os por la deriva de la aspersi&oacute;n a cultivos sensibles a este tipo de herbicidas particularmente, algodonero, tomate, y otros cultivos. A pesar de sus riesgos, los productores de sorgo siguen utilizando al 2,4-D por su bajo costo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Entre las alternativas posibles al uso de herbicidas hormonales est&aacute;n: bentazona, carfentrazone, prosulfuron y halosulfuron. La bentazona y el carfentrazone son herbicidas POST de contacto que tienen un control efectivo de algunas malezas de hoja ancha. El prosulfuron es un herbicida POST de la familia de las sulfonilureas que tiene un buen control de malezas de la familia Asteraceae como polocote, chayotillo y amargosa y que se caracteriza por su dosis baja de aplicaci&oacute;n, vida media corta y baja volatilidad que minimiza las posibilidades de da&ntilde;o a cultivos no-objetivo. El halosulfuron tambi&eacute;n pertenece a la familia de las sulfonilureas y es un herbicida POST que controla algunas malezas de hoja ancha, pero su principal virtud es que controla a los coquillos del g&eacute;nero <em>Cyperus<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El control qu&iacute;mico de malezas gram&iacute;neas en sorgo en POST es pr&aacute;cticamente imposible, con la excepci&oacute;n del uso de herbicidas no selectivos de contacto como paraquat y glufosinato de amonio en aspersiones dirigidas a las malezas y a la base de las plantas de sorgo. Cuando se tengan lotes con problemas serios de malezas gram&iacute;neas, especialmente ca&ntilde;ita y zacate Johnson, lo mejor es rotar a otros cultivos y no sembrar sorgo. En Estados Unidos se est&aacute; trabajando con genotipos de sorgo resistentes a los herbicida nicosulfuron y rimsulfuron que controlan gram&iacute;neas en POST, principalmente zacates anuales como <em>Setaria<\/em> y <em>Urochloa<\/em>, y ca&ntilde;ita y zacate Johnson, adem&aacute;s de algunas hojas anchas. Estos genotipos de sorgo llamados &ldquo;Inzen Z&rdquo; no son transg&eacute;nicos, sino que se han desarrollado por m&eacute;todos convencionales de mejoramiento gen&eacute;tico a partir de biotipos de ca&ntilde;ita resistentes a herbicidas inhibidores de la enzima ALS. Se espera en que un futuro cercano estos genotipos permitan el control POST selectivo de malezas gram&iacute;neas en sorgo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El uso adecuado de herbicidas debe incluir el equipo apropiado, agua de buena calidad, la calibraci&oacute;n correcta del equipo aspersor, el uso de coadyuvantes cuando lo indique la etiqueta del herbicida, el uso del equipo de protecci&oacute;n para el personal a cargo de la aspersi&oacute;n y la eliminaci&oacute;n adecuada de los envases de herbicidas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-04-19 18:44:00","updated":"2019-04-23 19:42:28","published":"2016-04-19 18:53:52","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/cereales"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"cereales","article":"manejo-integrado-de-malezas-en-sorgo","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"cereales","article":"manejo-integrado-de-malezas-en-sorgo","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}