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El control de malezas es una parte esencial en la producción de maíz, ya que estas compiten con el cultivo por luz, nutrimentos y agua, lo que reduce el rendimiento y calidad del grano. Además, su presencia dificulta la cosecha mecánica y son hospederos de plagas y enfermedades. Ahora se sabe que para evitar reducciones en el rendimiento se debe mantener al cultivo libre de malezas de 4 a 6 semanas después de la siembra.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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                                                                                                                                                        Figura 1. La calidad y rendimiento del maíz está relacionada con el control de las malezas.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

 <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Es fundamental controlar las malezas a tiempo, ya que a medida que crecen, las alternativas de control se reducen y los costos se incrementan. Conocer el momento de mayor incidencia de malezas en el cultivo es un aspecto importante para llevar a cabo los métodos de control que conforman el manejo integrado de malezas. Uno de los más usados es el control químico,  basado en el uso de herbicidas. Su uso exige conocimientos técnicos para la elección y aplicación eficiente y oportuna del producto.  <\/p>\r\n\r\n

Modo de acción <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

El modo de acción<\/strong> de los herbicidas es la secuencia de eventos que ocurren desde la absorción del herbicida hasta la muerte de la planta, este incluye al mecanismo de acción<\/strong> que es la interferencia bioquímica o biofísica causada por un herbicida, que determina el daño final a la planta y tiene lugar en el sitio de acción<\/strong>. Los herbicidas con el mismo modo de acción producen síntomas similares en las plantas tratadas. Según su modo de acción permite predecir, en forma general, su espectro de control de malezas, época de aplicación, selectividad y persistencia en el suelo (Cuadro 1). Los efectos fisiológicos afectados por los herbicidas en las plantas pueden radicar en la regulación del crecimiento, inhibición de la división celular, inhibición de la respiración y\/o fotosíntesis, o interrupción de procesos metabólicos complejos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La actividad del herbicida es afectada por el clima, las condiciones del suelo, el tamaño de la maleza, la forma de aplicación, entre otros factores.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\"Herbicidas\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Manejo de la resistencia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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La aplicación de herbicidas sobre las malezas ejerce una cierta presión de selección, la cual dependerá del tipo de herbicida, forma y frecuencia de aplicación, y características biológicas de la maleza y el cultivo. No todos los herbicidas generan la misma presión de selección, siendo la misma, una característica intrínseca del grupo al que pertenezca.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Cualquier cambio en el manejo del cultivo es útil para retrasar la aparición de resistencias, por ejemplo: alternar de sustancia activa, cambiar la época de aplicación, combinación del uso de herbicidas con otros métodos de control no químicos.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Para manejar la resistencia de las malezas a los herbicidas se debe evitar: emplear sustancias activas que actúen sobre el mismo punto de acción, aplicaciones en grandes extensiones y de forma repetida, ignorar condiciones de uso de la etiqueta, emplear dosis excesivas o insuficientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 2. El monitoreo, herramienta útil en el manejo de la resistencia de las malezas.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n

Además, es esencial conocer la biología de las malezas y realizar monitoreos en campo antes de las aplicaciones para realizar una correcta selección del producto, así como el uso de dosis de acuerdo a las malezas presentes y su estado de desarrollo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Rotación y mezcla de herbicidas  <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\r\n \r\n\r\n

La aplicación de herbicidas sobre las malezas ejerce una cierta presión de selección, la cual dependerá del tipo de herbicida, forma y frecuencia de aplicación, y características biológicas de la maleza y el cultivo. No todos los herbicidas generan la misma presión de selección, siendo la misma, una característica intrínseca del grupo al que pertenezca.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Cualquier cambio en el manejo del cultivo es útil para retrasar la aparición de resistencias, por ejemplo: alternar de sustancia activa, cambiar la época de aplicación, combinación del uso de herbicidas con otros métodos de control no químicos.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

Actualmente se plantea la necesidad de utilizar los herbicidas en maíz en una secuencia determinada basados en su compatibilidad, interacción, persistencia y la presión de selección ejercida.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
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Figura 3. Las fallas en el control con herbicidas se deben a aplicaciones tardías sobre malezas muy desarrolladas.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n\t
  • Rosales R., E; De la Garza C., M. 2006. Control Químico de Maleza en Maíz en la Zona Central de Tamaulipas. INIFAP. Tamaulipas, México. 2 p.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Taberner P., A.; Alicia Cirujeda R., A.; Zaragoza L., C. 2007. Manejo de Poblaciones de Malezas Resistentes a Herbicidas: 100 Preguntas sobre Resistencias. FAO. Roma, Italia. 67 p.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Diez de U., P. 2013. Manejo de Malezas Problema: Modos de Acción Herbicida. REM – AAPRESID. Santa Fe, Argentina. 39 p.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Papa, J. C. 2007. El Modo de Acción de los Herbicidas. INTA. Santa Fe<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-02-10 05:39:18","updated":"2019-04-23 19:27:32","published":"2016-02-10 05:43:06","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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    \r\n
    \r\n\r\n\r\n

    El control de malezas es una parte esencial en la producción de maíz, ya que estas compiten con el cultivo por luz, nutrimentos y agua, lo que reduce el rendimiento y calidad del grano. Además, su presencia dificulta la cosecha mecánica y son hospederos de plagas y enfermedades. Ahora se sabe que para evitar reducciones en el rendimiento se debe mantener al cultivo libre de malezas de 4 a 6 semanas después de la siembra.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
     <\/div>\r\n\r\n
    \"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
    \r\n\t\t\t

                                                                                                                                                            Figura 1. La calidad y rendimiento del maíz está relacionada con el control de las malezas.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

     <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    Es fundamental controlar las malezas a tiempo, ya que a medida que crecen, las alternativas de control se reducen y los costos se incrementan. Conocer el momento de mayor incidencia de malezas en el cultivo es un aspecto importante para llevar a cabo los métodos de control que conforman el manejo integrado de malezas. Uno de los más usados es el control químico,  basado en el uso de herbicidas. Su uso exige conocimientos técnicos para la elección y aplicación eficiente y oportuna del producto.  <\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Modo de acción <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    El modo de acción<\/strong> de los herbicidas es la secuencia de eventos que ocurren desde la absorción del herbicida hasta la muerte de la planta, este incluye al mecanismo de acción<\/strong> que es la interferencia bioquímica o biofísica causada por un herbicida, que determina el daño final a la planta y tiene lugar en el sitio de acción<\/strong>. Los herbicidas con el mismo modo de acción producen síntomas similares en las plantas tratadas. Según su modo de acción permite predecir, en forma general, su espectro de control de malezas, época de aplicación, selectividad y persistencia en el suelo (Cuadro 1). Los efectos fisiológicos afectados por los herbicidas en las plantas pueden radicar en la regulación del crecimiento, inhibición de la división celular, inhibición de la respiración y\/o fotosíntesis, o interrupción de procesos metabólicos complejos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    La actividad del herbicida es afectada por el clima, las condiciones del suelo, el tamaño de la maleza, la forma de aplicación, entre otros factores.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \"Herbicidas\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Manejo de la resistencia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
    \r\n \r\n\r\n

    La aplicación de herbicidas sobre las malezas ejerce una cierta presión de selección, la cual dependerá del tipo de herbicida, forma y frecuencia de aplicación, y características biológicas de la maleza y el cultivo. No todos los herbicidas generan la misma presión de selección, siendo la misma, una característica intrínseca del grupo al que pertenezca.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Cualquier cambio en el manejo del cultivo es útil para retrasar la aparición de resistencias, por ejemplo: alternar de sustancia activa, cambiar la época de aplicación, combinación del uso de herbicidas con otros métodos de control no químicos.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Para manejar la resistencia de las malezas a los herbicidas se debe evitar: emplear sustancias activas que actúen sobre el mismo punto de acción, aplicaciones en grandes extensiones y de forma repetida, ignorar condiciones de uso de la etiqueta, emplear dosis excesivas o insuficientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    \"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
    \r\n\t\t\t

    Figura 2. El monitoreo, herramienta útil en el manejo de la resistencia de las malezas.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n

    Además, es esencial conocer la biología de las malezas y realizar monitoreos en campo antes de las aplicaciones para realizar una correcta selección del producto, así como el uso de dosis de acuerdo a las malezas presentes y su estado de desarrollo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Rotación y mezcla de herbicidas  <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
    \r\n \r\n\r\n

    La aplicación de herbicidas sobre las malezas ejerce una cierta presión de selección, la cual dependerá del tipo de herbicida, forma y frecuencia de aplicación, y características biológicas de la maleza y el cultivo. No todos los herbicidas generan la misma presión de selección, siendo la misma, una característica intrínseca del grupo al que pertenezca.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Cualquier cambio en el manejo del cultivo es útil para retrasar la aparición de resistencias, por ejemplo: alternar de sustancia activa, cambiar la época de aplicación, combinación del uso de herbicidas con otros métodos de control no químicos.\r\n<\/p>\r\n

    Actualmente se plantea la necesidad de utilizar los herbicidas en maíz en una secuencia determinada basados en su compatibilidad, interacción, persistencia y la presión de selección ejercida.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    \"\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
    \r\n\t\t\t

    Figura 3. Las fallas en el control con herbicidas se deben a aplicaciones tardías sobre malezas muy desarrolladas.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n

    Fuentes consultadas:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n\t
    • Rosales R., E; De la Garza C., M. 2006. Control Químico de Maleza en Maíz en la Zona Central de Tamaulipas. INIFAP. Tamaulipas, México. 2 p.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Taberner P., A.; Alicia Cirujeda R., A.; Zaragoza L., C. 2007. Manejo de Poblaciones de Malezas Resistentes a Herbicidas: 100 Preguntas sobre Resistencias. FAO. Roma, Italia. 67 p.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Diez de U., P. 2013. Manejo de Malezas Problema: Modos de Acción Herbicida. REM – AAPRESID. Santa Fe, Argentina. 39 p.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Papa, J. C. 2007. El Modo de Acción de los Herbicidas. INTA. Santa Fe<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-02-10 05:39:18","updated":"2019-04-23 19:27:32","published":"2016-02-10 05:43:06","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/cereales"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"cereales","article":"manejo-de-herbicidas-en-maiz","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"cereales","article":"manejo-de-herbicidas-en-maiz","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}