{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":338,"views":59828,"title":"Las Estrobilurinas en la Producción de Maíz de Alto Rendimiento","fb_title":"","link":"las-estrobilurinas-en-la-produccion-de-maiz-de-alto-rendimiento","desc":"Las estrobilurinas además del efecto fungicida, también promueven alteraciones fisiológicas en varios cultivos, que influyen positivamente en el rendimiento de los granos. El efecto de “enverdecimiento\" o \"planta saludable” está asociado con la aplicación de fungicidas a base de estrobilurinas. Los estudios recientes sobre las acciones de estos compuestos en el cultivo de maíz, se han centrado principalmente en los efectos de regulación de fitohormonas, especialmente en el retraso del proceso de senescencia.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art344-estrobilurinas\/Estrobilurinas%20en%20Maiz%20de%20alto%20rendimiento.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":9,"related":"","keywords":"Estrobilurinas,Maíz,Senescencia,Estimulante,Fitohormona,Reguladores,Crecimiento,Enverdecimiento,Rendimiento,Granos,Fotosíntesis,Fungicidas,Cereales,Strobilurinas,azoxystrobin,piraclostrobin","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Cereales\/33. Las Estrobilurinas en la Produccion de Maiz de Alto Rendimiento.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">De acuerdo al Dr. Fred Below, profesor de fisiolog&iacute;a vegetal de la Universidad de Illinois de Estados Unidos, para alcanzar el alto rendimiento en Ma&iacute;z existen 7 factores determinantes denominados actualmente como &ldquo;Siete Maravillas del Alto Rendimiento de Ma&iacute;z&rdquo;. Uno de estos factores son los reguladores del crecimiento, cuyas funciones son modular el crecimiento de la planta. El uso de estas sustancias incluye tratamientos a las semillas, bloqueadores del etileno y fungicidas a base de estrobilurinas. Las estrobilurinas adem&aacute;s del efecto fungicida, tambi&eacute;n promueven alteraciones fisiol&oacute;gicas en varios cultivos, que influyen positivamente en el rendimiento de los granos y frutos. El efecto de &ldquo;enverdecimiento&quot; o &quot;planta saludable&rdquo; est&aacute; asociado con la aplicaci&oacute;n de fungicidas a base de estrobilurinas.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>&iquest;Qu&eacute; son las Estrobilurinas?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las estrobilurinas son compuestos aislados a partir del hongo <em>Strobilurus tenacellus<\/em>, causante de la pudrici&oacute;n de la madera. El descubrimiento de estos compuestos llev&oacute; a los cient&iacute;ficos a aislar y producir estrobilurinas sint&eacute;ticas, alterando qu&iacute;micamente el&nbsp; compuesto para que sea capaz de tolerar la luz solar<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Actualmente las estrobilurinas son una clase importante de fungicidas sist&eacute;micos y de contacto de amplio espectro de acci&oacute;n. El modo de acci&oacute;n de estos compuestos consiste en la inhibici&oacute;n de la respiraci&oacute;n mitocondrial y la formaci&oacute;n de ATP<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" estrobilurinas \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art344-estrobilurinas\/strobilurus.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#006400; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 1. Strobilurus tenacellus. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Alc&aacute;ntara, s.f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>Estrobilurinas &iquest;fungicidas o bioestimulantes?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los dos ingredientes activos m&aacute;s conocidos de fungicidas de la clase estrobilurina son: el azoxystrobin y el piraclostrobin. La actividad de estos dos fungicidas esta dirigida contra los cuatro principales grupos de hongos pat&oacute;genos en las plantas: Ascomycetes (p. e., el polvillo de moho), Basidiomycetes (p.e., tiz&oacute;n), Deutoromycetes (p.e., necrosis del arroz) y Oomycetes (p.e., mildiu de la vid o polvo de az&uacute;car). Son reconocidos como fungicidas con acci&oacute;n preventiva, cuarativa, traslaminar y locosist&eacute;mica. Actualmente estos fungicidas se han utilizado en cereales, vi&ntilde;as, arroz, c&iacute;tricos, papas, tomates y fresas. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser productos fungicidas lideres a nivel mundial, existen serias preocupaciones relativas a la resistencia que generan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">A pesar de que las estrobilurinas se desarrollaron con el objetivo fundamental de controlar los microorganismos causantes de enfermedades en las plantas, estudios recientes de varios investigadores, entre ellos el Dr. Below, coinciden que las estrobilurinas tienen un efecto positivo sobre los procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos de las plantas, es decir, act&uacute;an como bioestimulantes en el metabolismo vegetal (Cuadro 1). Estos efectos se han observado en el aumento de los rendimientos en trigo y ma&iacute;z (Nelson y Meinhardt, 2011), soya (Henry <em>et al<\/em>., 2011; Hill <em>et al<\/em>., 2013.), y otros cultivos.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#006400; height:43px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Cuadro 1. Los efectos bioestimulantes del Pyraclostrobin.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Fuente: Red de Acci&oacute;n en Plaguicidas y sus Alternativas de Am&eacute;rica Latina (RAP-AL)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">1. Retardo en la degradaci&oacute;n de la clorofila.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">2. Aumento en la actividad de la nitrato-reductasa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">3. Efectos en los niveles end&oacute;genos de ciertas hormonas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">4. Disminuci&oacute;n del estr&eacute;s oxidativo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">5. Retardo en el inicio de la senescencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">6. Mejoramiento de los mecanismos de defensa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">7. Incremento en la producci&oacute;n de biomasa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Las estrobilurinas como el pyraclostrobin, adem&aacute;s de su acci&oacute;n para el control de pat&oacute;genos de los cultivos, pueden fomentar cambios en el metabolismo y crecimiento de la planta, promoviendo mayor biomasa y rendimiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las estrobilurinas como el pyraclostrobin, adem&aacute;s de su acci&oacute;n para el control de pat&oacute;genos de los cultivos, pueden fomentar cambios en el metabolismo y crecimiento de la planta, promoviendo mayor biomasa y rendimiento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>Efecto de las estrobilurinas como bioestimulantes sobre el cultivo de ma&iacute;z<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los estudios recientes sobre las acciones de las estrobilurinas en los cultivos se han centrado principalmente en los efectos de regulaci&oacute;n de fitohormonas en la fisiolog&iacute;a de la planta, especialmente en el retraso del proceso de senescencia. Los efectos en la fisiolog&iacute;a de la planta se deben a que se promueve la actividad de la enzima nitrato reductasa, disminuye la respiraci&oacute;n de las hojas y producci&oacute;n de etileno, y aumenta la actividad de las enzimas peroxidasa y super&oacute;xido dismutasa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Las estrubilurinas y la fotosintesis.<\/strong> Se sabe que las plantas tratadas con estas sustancias mejoran su tasa neta de fotos&iacute;ntesis. Adem&aacute;s, aplicaciones de estrobilurinas extienden la vida de las hojas banderas por la retenci&oacute;n de un mayor contenido de clorofila.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Aplicar estrobilurinas a los cultivos no solo incrementa la tasa fotosint&eacute;tica, sino tambien estimula un mayor n&uacute;mero de hojas, area foliar, biomasa seca de la parte aerea y radical. Lo anterior favorece la acumulaci&oacute;n de fotoasimilados en la planta, especialmente durante el llenado del grano, que finalmente repercute en un mayor rendimiento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Efecto de enverdecimiento.<\/strong> Como consecuencia del aumento del contenido de clorofila en las hojas por la aplicaci&oacute;n de estrobilurinas, se puede observar plantas m&aacute;s saludables y de un color verde oscuro. Este &uacute;ltimo efecto se conoce como &ldquo;enverdecimiento&rdquo;. Sin embargo, existe mucha discrepancia sobre el enverdecimiento de las plantas, ya que mientras algunos estudios indican&nbsp; que el efecto de enverdecimiento afecta positivamente el rendimiento final del cultivo, otras investigaciones han observado que el efecto de enverdecimiento no necesariamente se traduce en un incremento del rendimiento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el caso del ma&iacute;z, diferentes investigadores han concluido que el enverdecimiento da como resultado que el &aacute;rea foliar de la planta se matenga verde por m&aacute;s tiempo, lo que se traduce como mayor producci&oacute;n de fotosintatos que posteriomente son movilizados al llenado de granos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\"><img alt=\" Efecto de enverdecimiento \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art344-estrobilurinas\/efectos-de-enverdecimiento.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#006400; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2. Efecto de enverdecimiento fisiol&oacute;gico en ma&iacute;z (derecha) asociado con la aplicaci&oacute;n de estrobilurinas en etapas VT\/R1. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Below, F. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>Conclusi&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">De acuerdo a los diferentes resultados reportados por los investigadores, las estrobilurinas adem&aacute;s de su efecto fungicida, tambi&eacute;n estimulan los procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos de la planta, favoreciendo incrementos en la tasa fotosint&eacute;tica y&nbsp; el contenido de clorofila. Finalmente estos efectos inciden positivamente en el rendimiento en grano.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las estrobilurinas representan una alternativa viable al aplicarlos como reguladores de crecimiento en el cultivo de ma&iacute;z. Sin embargo, deben ser aplicados en determinadas etapas del cultivo para que se observen los efectos bioestimulantes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Para alcanzar los rendimientos &eacute;lites, no solo basta con la aplicaci&oacute;n de productos estimulantes, sino tambi&eacute;n es fundamental un adecuado manejo de la labranza, nutrici&oacute;n, densidad de plantaci&oacute;n y selecci&oacute;n del hibrido de acuerdo a la regi&oacute;n, adem&aacute;s de las condiciones clim&aacute;ticas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>Literatura Consultada:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Below, F. 2015. Las Siente Maravillas para Alcanzar el Alto Rendimiento en Ma&iacute;z. Curso Internacional de Producci&oacute;n de Ma&iacute;z de Alto Rendimiento. Intagri.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Dunne, B. 2005. Strobilurin Use on Cereals. Crop Protection. 23: 17-20.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">-Hershman, D.E.; Vincelli, P.; Kaiser, C.A. 2011. Foliar Fungicide Use in Corn and Soybeans. University of Kentucky. 9 p<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Kanungo, M.; Joshi, J. 2014. Impact of Pyraclostrobin (F-500) on Crop Plants. Plant Science Today. 1(3): 174-178.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">-Lazo, J.V.; Ascencio, J. 2014. Algunas respuestas morfom&eacute;tricas y fisiol&oacute;gicas inducidas por el fungicida Opera&reg; (Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole) en la planta de ma&iacute;z (<em>Zea mays <\/em>L.). Revista Facultad Agronom&iacute;a, 31 (1): 39-59.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Luis, A.M.A.; Almanza, M. P.J.; Serrano, C. P. A. 2013. Efecto de Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole en la producci&oacute;n de fresa (<em>Fragaria<\/em> sp.). Ciencia y Agricultura. 11(1): 35-45.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Red de Acci&oacute;n en Plaguicidas y sus Alternativas de Am&eacute;rica Latina (RAP-AL). Ficha T&eacute;cnica Azoxystrobin. 2 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-11-08 19:00:43","updated":"2019-04-23 19:16:58","published":"2016-11-08 19:29:39","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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El efecto de “enverdecimiento\" o \"planta saludable” está asociado con la aplicación de fungicidas a base de estrobilurinas. Los estudios recientes sobre las acciones de estos compuestos en el cultivo de maíz, se han centrado principalmente en los efectos de regulación de fitohormonas, especialmente en el retraso del proceso de senescencia.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art344-estrobilurinas\/Estrobilurinas%20en%20Maiz%20de%20alto%20rendimiento.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":9,"related":"","keywords":"Estrobilurinas,Maíz,Senescencia,Estimulante,Fitohormona,Reguladores,Crecimiento,Enverdecimiento,Rendimiento,Granos,Fotosíntesis,Fungicidas,Cereales,Strobilurinas,azoxystrobin,piraclostrobin","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Cereales\/33. Las Estrobilurinas en la Produccion de Maiz de Alto Rendimiento.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">De acuerdo al Dr. Fred Below, profesor de fisiolog&iacute;a vegetal de la Universidad de Illinois de Estados Unidos, para alcanzar el alto rendimiento en Ma&iacute;z existen 7 factores determinantes denominados actualmente como &ldquo;Siete Maravillas del Alto Rendimiento de Ma&iacute;z&rdquo;. Uno de estos factores son los reguladores del crecimiento, cuyas funciones son modular el crecimiento de la planta. El uso de estas sustancias incluye tratamientos a las semillas, bloqueadores del etileno y fungicidas a base de estrobilurinas. Las estrobilurinas adem&aacute;s del efecto fungicida, tambi&eacute;n promueven alteraciones fisiol&oacute;gicas en varios cultivos, que influyen positivamente en el rendimiento de los granos y frutos. El efecto de &ldquo;enverdecimiento&quot; o &quot;planta saludable&rdquo; est&aacute; asociado con la aplicaci&oacute;n de fungicidas a base de estrobilurinas.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>&iquest;Qu&eacute; son las Estrobilurinas?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las estrobilurinas son compuestos aislados a partir del hongo <em>Strobilurus tenacellus<\/em>, causante de la pudrici&oacute;n de la madera. El descubrimiento de estos compuestos llev&oacute; a los cient&iacute;ficos a aislar y producir estrobilurinas sint&eacute;ticas, alterando qu&iacute;micamente el&nbsp; compuesto para que sea capaz de tolerar la luz solar<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Actualmente las estrobilurinas son una clase importante de fungicidas sist&eacute;micos y de contacto de amplio espectro de acci&oacute;n. El modo de acci&oacute;n de estos compuestos consiste en la inhibici&oacute;n de la respiraci&oacute;n mitocondrial y la formaci&oacute;n de ATP<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\"><img alt=\" estrobilurinas \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art344-estrobilurinas\/strobilurus.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#006400; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 1. Strobilurus tenacellus. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Alc&aacute;ntara, s.f.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>Estrobilurinas &iquest;fungicidas o bioestimulantes?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los dos ingredientes activos m&aacute;s conocidos de fungicidas de la clase estrobilurina son: el azoxystrobin y el piraclostrobin. La actividad de estos dos fungicidas esta dirigida contra los cuatro principales grupos de hongos pat&oacute;genos en las plantas: Ascomycetes (p. e., el polvillo de moho), Basidiomycetes (p.e., tiz&oacute;n), Deutoromycetes (p.e., necrosis del arroz) y Oomycetes (p.e., mildiu de la vid o polvo de az&uacute;car). Son reconocidos como fungicidas con acci&oacute;n preventiva, cuarativa, traslaminar y locosist&eacute;mica. Actualmente estos fungicidas se han utilizado en cereales, vi&ntilde;as, arroz, c&iacute;tricos, papas, tomates y fresas. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser productos fungicidas lideres a nivel mundial, existen serias preocupaciones relativas a la resistencia que generan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">A pesar de que las estrobilurinas se desarrollaron con el objetivo fundamental de controlar los microorganismos causantes de enfermedades en las plantas, estudios recientes de varios investigadores, entre ellos el Dr. Below, coinciden que las estrobilurinas tienen un efecto positivo sobre los procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos de las plantas, es decir, act&uacute;an como bioestimulantes en el metabolismo vegetal (Cuadro 1). Estos efectos se han observado en el aumento de los rendimientos en trigo y ma&iacute;z (Nelson y Meinhardt, 2011), soya (Henry <em>et al<\/em>., 2011; Hill <em>et al<\/em>., 2013.), y otros cultivos.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<table align=\"center\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#006400; height:43px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Cuadro 1. Los efectos bioestimulantes del Pyraclostrobin.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Fuente: Red de Acci&oacute;n en Plaguicidas y sus Alternativas de Am&eacute;rica Latina (RAP-AL)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">1. Retardo en la degradaci&oacute;n de la clorofila.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">2. Aumento en la actividad de la nitrato-reductasa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">3. Efectos en los niveles end&oacute;genos de ciertas hormonas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">4. Disminuci&oacute;n del estr&eacute;s oxidativo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">5. Retardo en el inicio de la senescencia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:22px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">6. Mejoramiento de los mecanismos de defensa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"height:21px; width:525px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">7. Incremento en la producci&oacute;n de biomasa.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"clear: both; text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Las estrobilurinas como el pyraclostrobin, adem&aacute;s de su acci&oacute;n para el control de pat&oacute;genos de los cultivos, pueden fomentar cambios en el metabolismo y crecimiento de la planta, promoviendo mayor biomasa y rendimiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las estrobilurinas como el pyraclostrobin, adem&aacute;s de su acci&oacute;n para el control de pat&oacute;genos de los cultivos, pueden fomentar cambios en el metabolismo y crecimiento de la planta, promoviendo mayor biomasa y rendimiento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>Efecto de las estrobilurinas como bioestimulantes sobre el cultivo de ma&iacute;z<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Los estudios recientes sobre las acciones de las estrobilurinas en los cultivos se han centrado principalmente en los efectos de regulaci&oacute;n de fitohormonas en la fisiolog&iacute;a de la planta, especialmente en el retraso del proceso de senescencia. Los efectos en la fisiolog&iacute;a de la planta se deben a que se promueve la actividad de la enzima nitrato reductasa, disminuye la respiraci&oacute;n de las hojas y producci&oacute;n de etileno, y aumenta la actividad de las enzimas peroxidasa y super&oacute;xido dismutasa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Las estrubilurinas y la fotosintesis.<\/strong> Se sabe que las plantas tratadas con estas sustancias mejoran su tasa neta de fotos&iacute;ntesis. Adem&aacute;s, aplicaciones de estrobilurinas extienden la vida de las hojas banderas por la retenci&oacute;n de un mayor contenido de clorofila.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Aplicar estrobilurinas a los cultivos no solo incrementa la tasa fotosint&eacute;tica, sino tambien estimula un mayor n&uacute;mero de hojas, area foliar, biomasa seca de la parte aerea y radical. Lo anterior favorece la acumulaci&oacute;n de fotoasimilados en la planta, especialmente durante el llenado del grano, que finalmente repercute en un mayor rendimiento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Efecto de enverdecimiento.<\/strong> Como consecuencia del aumento del contenido de clorofila en las hojas por la aplicaci&oacute;n de estrobilurinas, se puede observar plantas m&aacute;s saludables y de un color verde oscuro. Este &uacute;ltimo efecto se conoce como &ldquo;enverdecimiento&rdquo;. Sin embargo, existe mucha discrepancia sobre el enverdecimiento de las plantas, ya que mientras algunos estudios indican&nbsp; que el efecto de enverdecimiento afecta positivamente el rendimiento final del cultivo, otras investigaciones han observado que el efecto de enverdecimiento no necesariamente se traduce en un incremento del rendimiento.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">En el caso del ma&iacute;z, diferentes investigadores han concluido que el enverdecimiento da como resultado que el &aacute;rea foliar de la planta se matenga verde por m&aacute;s tiempo, lo que se traduce como mayor producci&oacute;n de fotosintatos que posteriomente son movilizados al llenado de granos.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\"><img alt=\" Efecto de enverdecimiento \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/9Cereales\/art344-estrobilurinas\/efectos-de-enverdecimiento.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#006400; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2. Efecto de enverdecimiento fisiol&oacute;gico en ma&iacute;z (derecha) asociado con la aplicaci&oacute;n de estrobilurinas en etapas VT\/R1. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\">Fuente: Below, F. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>Conclusi&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">De acuerdo a los diferentes resultados reportados por los investigadores, las estrobilurinas adem&aacute;s de su efecto fungicida, tambi&eacute;n estimulan los procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos de la planta, favoreciendo incrementos en la tasa fotosint&eacute;tica y&nbsp; el contenido de clorofila. Finalmente estos efectos inciden positivamente en el rendimiento en grano.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Las estrobilurinas representan una alternativa viable al aplicarlos como reguladores de crecimiento en el cultivo de ma&iacute;z. Sin embargo, deben ser aplicados en determinadas etapas del cultivo para que se observen los efectos bioestimulantes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Para alcanzar los rendimientos &eacute;lites, no solo basta con la aplicaci&oacute;n de productos estimulantes, sino tambi&eacute;n es fundamental un adecuado manejo de la labranza, nutrici&oacute;n, densidad de plantaci&oacute;n y selecci&oacute;n del hibrido de acuerdo a la regi&oacute;n, adem&aacute;s de las condiciones clim&aacute;ticas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#006400\"><strong>Literatura Consultada:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Below, F. 2015. Las Siente Maravillas para Alcanzar el Alto Rendimiento en Ma&iacute;z. Curso Internacional de Producci&oacute;n de Ma&iacute;z de Alto Rendimiento. Intagri.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Dunne, B. 2005. Strobilurin Use on Cereals. Crop Protection. 23: 17-20.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">-Hershman, D.E.; Vincelli, P.; Kaiser, C.A. 2011. Foliar Fungicide Use in Corn and Soybeans. University of Kentucky. 9 p<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Kanungo, M.; Joshi, J. 2014. Impact of Pyraclostrobin (F-500) on Crop Plants. Plant Science Today. 1(3): 174-178.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">-Lazo, J.V.; Ascencio, J. 2014. Algunas respuestas morfom&eacute;tricas y fisiol&oacute;gicas inducidas por el fungicida Opera&reg; (Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole) en la planta de ma&iacute;z (<em>Zea mays <\/em>L.). Revista Facultad Agronom&iacute;a, 31 (1): 39-59.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Luis, A.M.A.; Almanza, M. P.J.; Serrano, C. P. A. 2013. Efecto de Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole en la producci&oacute;n de fresa (<em>Fragaria<\/em> sp.). Ciencia y Agricultura. 11(1): 35-45.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">- Red de Acci&oacute;n en Plaguicidas y sus Alternativas de Am&eacute;rica Latina (RAP-AL). Ficha T&eacute;cnica Azoxystrobin. 2 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-11-08 19:00:43","updated":"2019-04-23 19:16:58","published":"2016-11-08 19:29:39","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/cereales"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"cereales","article":"las-estrobilurinas-en-la-produccion-de-maiz-de-alto-rendimiento","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"cereales","article":"las-estrobilurinas-en-la-produccion-de-maiz-de-alto-rendimiento","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}