{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":833,"views":21667,"title":"Suelos Sódicos","fb_title":"","link":"suelos-sodicos","desc":"Los suelos sódicos son aquellos que presentan un alto porcentaje de sodio intercambiable, actualmente este tipo de suelo se han vuelto un problema limitante en la producción de cultivos, con los efectos del cambio climático, el mal uso de las aguas de riego y fertilizantes, este problema incrementa año tras año. Los suelos con un alto contenido de sodio representan un problema para el crecimiento de las plantas al verse afectados diversos procesos fisiológicos, reduciendo el crecimiento y la producción de muchos cultivos.","fb_desc":"Los suelos sódicos son aquellos que presentan un alto porcentaje de sodio intercambiable, actualmente este tipo de suelo se han vuelto un problema limitante en la producción de cultivos, con los efectos del cambio climático, el mal uso de las aguas de riego y fertilizantes, este problema incrementa año tras año. Los suelos con un alto contenido de sodio representan un problema para el crecimiento de las plantas al verse afectados diversos procesos fisiológicos, reduciendo el crecimiento y la producción de muchos cultivos.","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/Suelos.jpg","fb_thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/posrtada-nota-suelos.jpg","category":7,"related":"","keywords":"Suelos, Sodio, Sódicos, sales, deficiencia","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Suelos\/40. Suelos sodicos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><em>Autores: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los suelos s&oacute;dicos son aquellos que presentan un alto porcentaje de sodio intercambiable, actualmente este tipo de suelo se han vuelto un problema limitante en la producci&oacute;n de cultivos, con los efectos del cambio clim&aacute;tico, el mal uso de las aguas de riego y fertilizantes, este problema incrementa a&ntilde;o tras a&ntilde;o. Los suelos con un alto contenido de sodio representan un problema para el crecimiento de las plantas al verse afectados diversos procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos, reduciendo el crecimiento y la producci&oacute;n de muchos cultivos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Origen de la Sodicidad <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La presencia de sales en el suelo tiene que ver con los procesos naturales de mineralizaci&oacute;n o meteorizaci&oacute;n de las rocas durante la formaci&oacute;n de los suelos. Las sales solubles en zonas secas tambi&eacute;n se pueden deber a la existencia de antiguos dep&oacute;sitos secundarios, donde antes exist&iacute;an lagos. Estas sales acumuladas en los sedimentos contribuyen a la concentraci&oacute;n de sales en los suelos formados a partir de estos minerales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Existe una sal responsable de la aparici&oacute;n de la sodicidad en los suelos, el carbonato de sodio, Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>. El cual lleva a cabo la siguiente reacci&oacute;n de intercambio, con lo cual el PSI (Porcentaje de sodio intercambiable) del suelo aumenta:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> + Ca<em>X<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;CaCo<sub>3<\/sub> + 2Na<em>X<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><em>X<\/em> representa al cati&oacute;n en un estado intercambiable. La reacci&oacute;n es pr&aacute;cticamente irreversible, debido a que el CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> es una sal casi insoluble.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El carbonato de sodio se forma en los suelos a trav&eacute;s de reacciones de intemperismo, o por reducci&oacute;n biol&oacute;gica del sulfato de sodio, principalmente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El sodio intercambiable provoca la dispersi&oacute;n o floculaci&oacute;n de las arcillas, las cuales tapan los poros del suelo. Esto disminuye dr&aacute;sticamente el flujo del agua y la conductividad hidr&aacute;ulica.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Porcentaje de Sodio Intercambiable (PSI)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"color:rgb(0, 0, 0)\">Si el sodio representa un alto porcentaje entre los cationes intercambiables, se presentan cambios en la estructura del suelo que afectan a la permeabilidad; el suelo entonces se considera s&oacute;dico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"Suelos con alta sodicidad\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/suelos-afectados.jpg\" style=\"height:372px; width:530px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1: Suelos afectados por altos niveles de salinidad.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Fuente: Intagri.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Con base en el <em>PSI<\/em> y los cambios que se presentan en los suelos y su efecto en el desarrollo vegetal, los suelos se clasifican en:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>No s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em> &lt; 7. No se ve afectado el rendimiento de los cultivos agr&iacute;colas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Ligeramente s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em>&nbsp; 7 &ndash; 15. El rendimiento puede reducirse en suelos muy arcillosos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Medianamente s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em> 15 &ndash; 20. El rendimiento se reduce en la mayor&iacute;a de los suelos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Fuertemente s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em> 20 &ndash; 30. Los rendimientos ya no son redituables.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Extremadamente s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em> &gt; 30. No hay desarrollo de los cultivos agr&iacute;colas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Diagrama de sodio en suelos.\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/sodio-intercambiable.jpg\" style=\"height:305px; width:850px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 2: El sodio intercambiable provoca la dispersi&oacute;n o floculaci&oacute;n de las arcillas, las cuales tapan los poros del suelo. Esto disminuye dr&aacute;sticamente el flujo del agua y la conductividad hidr&aacute;ulica.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Fuente: Intagri.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Efectos de la sodicidad de las plantas <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Desfloculaci&oacute;n de las part&iacute;culas del suelo provoca p&eacute;rdida de la conductividad hidr&aacute;ulica del suelo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Anaerobiosis.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Alto pH.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Disminuci&oacute;n de la disponibilidad de nutrimentos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cambios en la actividad microbiana.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Recuperaci&oacute;n de suelos s&oacute;dicos <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los suelos s&oacute;dicos son recuperados reemplazando el sodio intercambiable por calcio. Esto se logra com&uacute;nmente agregando yeso, pues es relativamente soluble y barato. Sin embargo, si los suelos son naturalmente altos en carbono de calcio (cal), se les puede aplicar sulfuro elemental de grano fino o &aacute;cido sulf&uacute;rico sin tener que aplicar calcio directamente a la tierra. El sulfuro debe mezclarse en la capa superficial del suelo. El &aacute;cido puede ser aplicado al suelo o inyectarse al agua de riego.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La restauraci&oacute;n de los suelos s&oacute;dicos es un proceso lento. La recuperaci&oacute;n ocurre secuencialmente con la profundidad conforme el calcio satura los sitios donde se da el intercambio de cationes y se desliza por el perfil del suelo. Por lo tanto, si se desea una recuperaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s profunda, se necesita agregar suficiente yeso para asegurar que la recuperaci&oacute;n se extienda a la profundidad deseada. Sin embargo, lo recomendable es no aplicar todo el yeso de una sola vez, ya que es m&aacute;s efectivo agregarlo de manera proporcional anualmente hasta alcanzar el porcentaje de sodio intercambiable (PSI) a la profundidad adecuada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Otra recomendaci&oacute;n que se debe considerar es la incorporaci&oacute;n de materia org&aacute;nica, para ayudar a mantener la estructura del y lograr una infiltraci&oacute;n adecuada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Cita correcta de este articulo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2023. Suelos Salinos. Serie Suelos, N&uacute;m.40. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 3 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Literatura consultada<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"color:rgb(0, 0, 0)\">Anthony O&acute;Geen. 2018. Recuperaci&oacute;n de Suelos Salinos, S&oacute;dicos y Salino-S&oacute;dicos. Universidad de California. 1-5 p.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"color:rgb(0, 0, 0)\">Terrazas, J. 2019. Aprovechamiento de suelo salino: Agricultura salina y recuperaci&oacute;n de suelos. Universidad Mesoamericana de San Agust&iacute;n. 1541-1549 p.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"color:rgb(0, 0, 0)\">Ortiz, M. 2022. Suelos s&oacute;dicos. Diplomado de Nutrici&oacute;n de Cultivos INTAGRI.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"Deficiencia de nutrientes por alta sodicidad\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/absorcion.jpg\" style=\"height:472px; width:677px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 3: Deficiencias en la absorci&oacute;n y\/o asimilaci&oacute;n de nutrimentos ocasionada por la sodicidad del suelo. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Fuente: Intagri.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2023-10-10 16:11:25","updated":"2024-09-13 09:35:27","published":"2023-10-18 08:06:53","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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Los suelos con un alto contenido de sodio representan un problema para el crecimiento de las plantas al verse afectados diversos procesos fisiológicos, reduciendo el crecimiento y la producción de muchos cultivos.","fb_desc":"Los suelos sódicos son aquellos que presentan un alto porcentaje de sodio intercambiable, actualmente este tipo de suelo se han vuelto un problema limitante en la producción de cultivos, con los efectos del cambio climático, el mal uso de las aguas de riego y fertilizantes, este problema incrementa año tras año. Los suelos con un alto contenido de sodio representan un problema para el crecimiento de las plantas al verse afectados diversos procesos fisiológicos, reduciendo el crecimiento y la producción de muchos cultivos.","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/Suelos.jpg","fb_thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/posrtada-nota-suelos.jpg","category":7,"related":"","keywords":"Suelos, Sodio, Sódicos, sales, deficiencia","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Suelos\/40. Suelos sodicos.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"color:#008000\"><em>Autores: Equipo Editorial INTAGRI<\/em><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los suelos s&oacute;dicos son aquellos que presentan un alto porcentaje de sodio intercambiable, actualmente este tipo de suelo se han vuelto un problema limitante en la producci&oacute;n de cultivos, con los efectos del cambio clim&aacute;tico, el mal uso de las aguas de riego y fertilizantes, este problema incrementa a&ntilde;o tras a&ntilde;o. Los suelos con un alto contenido de sodio representan un problema para el crecimiento de las plantas al verse afectados diversos procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos, reduciendo el crecimiento y la producci&oacute;n de muchos cultivos.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Origen de la Sodicidad <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La presencia de sales en el suelo tiene que ver con los procesos naturales de mineralizaci&oacute;n o meteorizaci&oacute;n de las rocas durante la formaci&oacute;n de los suelos. Las sales solubles en zonas secas tambi&eacute;n se pueden deber a la existencia de antiguos dep&oacute;sitos secundarios, donde antes exist&iacute;an lagos. Estas sales acumuladas en los sedimentos contribuyen a la concentraci&oacute;n de sales en los suelos formados a partir de estos minerales.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Existe una sal responsable de la aparici&oacute;n de la sodicidad en los suelos, el carbonato de sodio, Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>. El cual lleva a cabo la siguiente reacci&oacute;n de intercambio, con lo cual el PSI (Porcentaje de sodio intercambiable) del suelo aumenta:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> + Ca<em>X<\/em>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;CaCo<sub>3<\/sub> + 2Na<em>X<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><em>X<\/em> representa al cati&oacute;n en un estado intercambiable. La reacci&oacute;n es pr&aacute;cticamente irreversible, debido a que el CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> es una sal casi insoluble.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El carbonato de sodio se forma en los suelos a trav&eacute;s de reacciones de intemperismo, o por reducci&oacute;n biol&oacute;gica del sulfato de sodio, principalmente.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">El sodio intercambiable provoca la dispersi&oacute;n o floculaci&oacute;n de las arcillas, las cuales tapan los poros del suelo. Esto disminuye dr&aacute;sticamente el flujo del agua y la conductividad hidr&aacute;ulica.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Porcentaje de Sodio Intercambiable (PSI)<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"color:rgb(0, 0, 0)\">Si el sodio representa un alto porcentaje entre los cationes intercambiables, se presentan cambios en la estructura del suelo que afectan a la permeabilidad; el suelo entonces se considera s&oacute;dico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"Suelos con alta sodicidad\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/suelos-afectados.jpg\" style=\"height:372px; width:530px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 1: Suelos afectados por altos niveles de salinidad.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Fuente: Intagri.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"toggle\"><!---Contenido a ocultar--->\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Con base en el <em>PSI<\/em> y los cambios que se presentan en los suelos y su efecto en el desarrollo vegetal, los suelos se clasifican en:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>No s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em> &lt; 7. No se ve afectado el rendimiento de los cultivos agr&iacute;colas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Ligeramente s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em>&nbsp; 7 &ndash; 15. El rendimiento puede reducirse en suelos muy arcillosos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Medianamente s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em> 15 &ndash; 20. El rendimiento se reduce en la mayor&iacute;a de los suelos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Fuertemente s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em> 20 &ndash; 30. Los rendimientos ya no son redituables.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Extremadamente s&oacute;dicos<\/strong>: <em>PSI<\/em> &gt; 30. No hay desarrollo de los cultivos agr&iacute;colas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\"><img alt=\"Diagrama de sodio en suelos.\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/sodio-intercambiable.jpg\" style=\"height:305px; width:850px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 2: El sodio intercambiable provoca la dispersi&oacute;n o floculaci&oacute;n de las arcillas, las cuales tapan los poros del suelo. Esto disminuye dr&aacute;sticamente el flujo del agua y la conductividad hidr&aacute;ulica.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Fuente: Intagri.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Efectos de la sodicidad de las plantas <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Desfloculaci&oacute;n de las part&iacute;culas del suelo provoca p&eacute;rdida de la conductividad hidr&aacute;ulica del suelo.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Anaerobiosis.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Alto pH.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Disminuci&oacute;n de la disponibilidad de nutrimentos.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Cambios en la actividad microbiana.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Recuperaci&oacute;n de suelos s&oacute;dicos <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Los suelos s&oacute;dicos son recuperados reemplazando el sodio intercambiable por calcio. Esto se logra com&uacute;nmente agregando yeso, pues es relativamente soluble y barato. Sin embargo, si los suelos son naturalmente altos en carbono de calcio (cal), se les puede aplicar sulfuro elemental de grano fino o &aacute;cido sulf&uacute;rico sin tener que aplicar calcio directamente a la tierra. El sulfuro debe mezclarse en la capa superficial del suelo. El &aacute;cido puede ser aplicado al suelo o inyectarse al agua de riego.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">La restauraci&oacute;n de los suelos s&oacute;dicos es un proceso lento. La recuperaci&oacute;n ocurre secuencialmente con la profundidad conforme el calcio satura los sitios donde se da el intercambio de cationes y se desliza por el perfil del suelo. Por lo tanto, si se desea una recuperaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s profunda, se necesita agregar suficiente yeso para asegurar que la recuperaci&oacute;n se extienda a la profundidad deseada. Sin embargo, lo recomendable es no aplicar todo el yeso de una sola vez, ya que es m&aacute;s efectivo agregarlo de manera proporcional anualmente hasta alcanzar el porcentaje de sodio intercambiable (PSI) a la profundidad adecuada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">Otra recomendaci&oacute;n que se debe considerar es la incorporaci&oacute;n de materia org&aacute;nica, para ayudar a mantener la estructura del y lograr una infiltraci&oacute;n adecuada.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Cita correcta de este articulo<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#000000\">INTAGRI. 2023. Suelos Salinos. Serie Suelos, N&uacute;m.40. Art&iacute;culos T&eacute;cnicos de INTAGRI. M&eacute;xico. 3 p.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0066cc\"><strong>Literatura consultada<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"color:rgb(0, 0, 0)\">Anthony O&acute;Geen. 2018. Recuperaci&oacute;n de Suelos Salinos, S&oacute;dicos y Salino-S&oacute;dicos. Universidad de California. 1-5 p.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"color:rgb(0, 0, 0)\">Terrazas, J. 2019. Aprovechamiento de suelo salino: Agricultura salina y recuperaci&oacute;n de suelos. Universidad Mesoamericana de San Agust&iacute;n. 1541-1549 p.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"color:rgb(0, 0, 0)\">Ortiz, M. 2022. Suelos s&oacute;dicos. Diplomado de Nutrici&oacute;n de Cultivos INTAGRI.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-5\"><img alt=\"Deficiencia de nutrientes por alta sodicidad\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"https:\/\/www.intagri.com\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/4suelos\/art729-suelos-sodicos\/absorcion.jpg\" style=\"height:472px; width:677px\" \/>\r\n<table border=\"0\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:rgb(153, 204, 255); text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Figura 3: Deficiencias en la absorci&oacute;n y\/o asimilaci&oacute;n de nutrimentos ocasionada por la sodicidad del suelo. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color:#000000\"><strong>Fuente: Intagri.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<center><button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-success ShowMore\">Continuar leyendo<\/button><\/center>\r\n\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2023-10-10 16:11:25","updated":"2024-09-13 09:35:27","published":"2023-10-18 08:06:53","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/agua-riego"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"agua-riego","article":"suelos-sodicos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"agua-riego","article":"suelos-sodicos","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}