{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":329,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":283,"views":53379,"title":"Mantenimiento y Recuperación de Sistemas de Riego","fb_title":"","link":"mantenimiento-y-recuperacion-de-sistemas-de-riego","desc":"En las últimas décadas se ha incrementado la superficie de riego por goteo, es visible que en la gran mayoría de los sistemas instalados carecen de asesoría técnica para su buen funcionamiento  y su mantenimiento, existen sistemas que no funcionan de acuerdo a su diseño, que fueron abandonados porque no dieron los resultados esperados. El éxito de los sistemas de riego por goteo inicia con un buen diseño acorde a las condiciones del clima, agua, suelo y el cultivo que se va a establecer, seguido por un buen programa de prevención y mantenimiento.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/manto-riego.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":7,"related":"","keywords":"Goteo,Riego,Agua,Sistema,Mantenimiento,Prevención,Funcionamiento,Operación,Presión,Gasto,Goteros,Emisores,Análisis,Carbonatos,Filtros,Sulfatos,Taponamiento,Fosfórico,Aforo,Manómetro,Cinta","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Agua y Riego\/13. Mantenimiento y Recuperacion de Sistemas de Riego.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><strong>Ing. Jos&eacute; Gonz&aacute;lez Gomez<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Profesor del Curso Intensivo y Aplicado sobre Fertirrigaci&oacute;n, 2016<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Introducci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas se ha incrementado la superficie de riego por goteo, es visible que en la gran mayor&iacute;a de los sistemas instalados carecen de asesor&iacute;a t&eacute;cnica para su buen funcionamiento &nbsp;y su mantenimiento, existen sistemas que no funcionan de acuerdo a su dise&ntilde;o, que fueron abandonados porque no dieron los resultados esperados. El &eacute;xito de los sistemas de riego por goteo inicia con un buen dise&ntilde;o acorde a las condiciones del clima, agua, suelo y el cultivo que se va a establecer, seguido por un buen programa de prevenci&oacute;n y mantenimiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Consejos pr&aacute;cticos para un sistema de riego eficiente<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Al iniciar la operaci&oacute;n del sistema de riego verifique las presiones de trabajo recomendadas para el sistema, cualquier desv&iacute;o respecto a las presiones de trabajo permitidas puede provocar un mal funcionamiento del sistema. Es muy importante lavar las tuber&iacute;as principales, secundarias y las mangueras o cintas de riego, con esto estaremos eliminando los residuos de tuber&iacute;a provocados por las perforaciones o cortes de la tuber&iacute;a as&iacute; como la tierra que se haya introducido en el proceso de instalaci&oacute;n, se recomienda lavar las laterales en sectores que se asegure un caudal&nbsp; y presi&oacute;n pleno, se tiene que iniciar en sectores m&aacute;s cercanas al cabezal hacia aguas abajo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Lo que no se registra no se mejora, es muy importante llevar un registro de las presiones de entrada y de salida y de los gastos de los emisores, una variaci&oacute;n del 5% en la en los goteros nos indica que algo est&aacute; pasando y tenemos que tomar medidas preventivas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Como mantenimiento preventivo se aconseja una vez por semana limpiar tuber&iacute;as y mangueras,&nbsp; es muy importante usar los productos qu&iacute;micos recomendados por el fabricante de los filtros, es muy com&uacute;n encontrar sistemas con la inyecci&oacute;n de los qu&iacute;micos especiales antes de filtros sin tomar en cuenta el desgaste que puede tener, por ejemplo cuando se usa acido en los componentes de fierro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Es muy recomendable realizar an&aacute;lisis de agua para conocer los principales componentes minerales: CE, pH, carbonatos (CO<sub>3<\/sub>), Bicarbonatos (HCO<sub>3<\/sub>), Hierro (Fe), Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg), Sulfatos (SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>.2<\/sup>), Fosfatos (PO<sub>4<\/sub>), Manganeso (Mn), s&oacute;lidos disueltos y dureza del agua.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La concentraci&oacute;n de carbonatos y bicarbonatos en el agua de riego&nbsp; limitan su uso, aguas con concentraciones de bicarbonatos mayores a 0.5 meq\/L pueden&nbsp; causar taponamiento por la acumulaci&oacute;n de sales de baja solubilidad como carbonato de calcio; para esto se recomienda la aplicaci&oacute;n de &aacute;cidos como &aacute;cido fosf&oacute;rico, &aacute;cido sulf&uacute;rico y &aacute;cido n&iacute;trico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El monitoreo de los goteros nos ayuda a evaluar el funcionamiento del sistema. Se recomienda hacerlo de una forma r&aacute;pida y sencilla:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Se seleccionan los puntos a muestrear.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\"><img alt=\" determinacion \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/determinacion.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 1. Determinaci&oacute;n del Coeficiente de Uniformidad de Riego.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"formula\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/formula.jpg\" style=\"height:164px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; width:556px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Aforo de goteros<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Se toma una probeta de 100 ml y se tiene que dejar 36 segundos que capte el agua y el resultado se divide entre 10 y tendremos el gasto del gotero en litros\/hora, las muestras se toman como se muestra en la figura 2. &nbsp;Con un man&oacute;metro de 30 psi se toma la lectura al final de cada cinta (figura 3), se consulta la recomendaci&oacute;n del fabricante de la presi&oacute;n de trabajo de cada gotero.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\" aforo \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/aforo1.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2. Aforo de gotero.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\" aforo \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/aforo1.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 3. Lectura de presi&oacute;n en la cinta.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Se saca una media y se obtiene el gasto promedio del gotero de la v&aacute;lvula evaluada. Si la diferencia supera el 5 % del gasto nominal estar&aacute; en riesgo de taponamiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Uso del cloro en los sistemas de riego<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El cloro es producto m&aacute;s com&uacute;n que existe para la desinfecci&oacute;n de las cintas, lo podemos encontrar como hipoclorito de calcio Ca(ClO)<sub>2<\/sub> al 68 %, hipoclorito de sodio NaClO (10-12 %) y cloro gas. &nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Propiedades qu&iacute;micas del cloro<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En concentraciones de 1-5 ppm act&uacute;a con como bactericida y oxida el fierro.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En concentraciones de 100 a 1000 ppm act&uacute;a como antioxidante de materiales org&aacute;nicos y puede desintegrar el material org&aacute;nico.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"caracteristicas\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/cloro.jpg\" style=\"height:138px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; width:560px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\" Pastillas\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/pastillas1.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 4. Pastillas DPD <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\" Pastillas\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/pastillas2.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>F Figura 5. Orthotodilina <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">F&oacute;rmula para calcular la cantidad de cloro:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><img alt=\"formula-de-requerimientos\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/formula-ppm.jpg\" style=\"float:left; height:58px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; width:300px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-08-17 22:25:33","updated":"2018-01-23 09:07:24","published":"2016-08-18 13:21:27","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5634,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5634},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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El éxito de los sistemas de riego por goteo inicia con un buen diseño acorde a las condiciones del clima, agua, suelo y el cultivo que se va a establecer, seguido por un buen programa de prevención y mantenimiento.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/manto-riego.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":7,"related":"","keywords":"Goteo,Riego,Agua,Sistema,Mantenimiento,Prevención,Funcionamiento,Operación,Presión,Gasto,Goteros,Emisores,Análisis,Carbonatos,Filtros,Sulfatos,Taponamiento,Fosfórico,Aforo,Manómetro,Cinta","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Agua y Riego\/13. Mantenimiento y Recuperacion de Sistemas de Riego.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><strong>Ing. Jos&eacute; Gonz&aacute;lez Gomez<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:right\"><span style=\"font-size:14px\">Profesor del Curso Intensivo y Aplicado sobre Fertirrigaci&oacute;n, 2016<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Introducci&oacute;n<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas se ha incrementado la superficie de riego por goteo, es visible que en la gran mayor&iacute;a de los sistemas instalados carecen de asesor&iacute;a t&eacute;cnica para su buen funcionamiento &nbsp;y su mantenimiento, existen sistemas que no funcionan de acuerdo a su dise&ntilde;o, que fueron abandonados porque no dieron los resultados esperados. El &eacute;xito de los sistemas de riego por goteo inicia con un buen dise&ntilde;o acorde a las condiciones del clima, agua, suelo y el cultivo que se va a establecer, seguido por un buen programa de prevenci&oacute;n y mantenimiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Consejos pr&aacute;cticos para un sistema de riego eficiente<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Al iniciar la operaci&oacute;n del sistema de riego verifique las presiones de trabajo recomendadas para el sistema, cualquier desv&iacute;o respecto a las presiones de trabajo permitidas puede provocar un mal funcionamiento del sistema. Es muy importante lavar las tuber&iacute;as principales, secundarias y las mangueras o cintas de riego, con esto estaremos eliminando los residuos de tuber&iacute;a provocados por las perforaciones o cortes de la tuber&iacute;a as&iacute; como la tierra que se haya introducido en el proceso de instalaci&oacute;n, se recomienda lavar las laterales en sectores que se asegure un caudal&nbsp; y presi&oacute;n pleno, se tiene que iniciar en sectores m&aacute;s cercanas al cabezal hacia aguas abajo.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Lo que no se registra no se mejora, es muy importante llevar un registro de las presiones de entrada y de salida y de los gastos de los emisores, una variaci&oacute;n del 5% en la en los goteros nos indica que algo est&aacute; pasando y tenemos que tomar medidas preventivas.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Como mantenimiento preventivo se aconseja una vez por semana limpiar tuber&iacute;as y mangueras,&nbsp; es muy importante usar los productos qu&iacute;micos recomendados por el fabricante de los filtros, es muy com&uacute;n encontrar sistemas con la inyecci&oacute;n de los qu&iacute;micos especiales antes de filtros sin tomar en cuenta el desgaste que puede tener, por ejemplo cuando se usa acido en los componentes de fierro.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Es muy recomendable realizar an&aacute;lisis de agua para conocer los principales componentes minerales: CE, pH, carbonatos (CO<sub>3<\/sub>), Bicarbonatos (HCO<sub>3<\/sub>), Hierro (Fe), Calcio (Ca), Magnesio (Mg), Sulfatos (SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>.2<\/sup>), Fosfatos (PO<sub>4<\/sub>), Manganeso (Mn), s&oacute;lidos disueltos y dureza del agua.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">La concentraci&oacute;n de carbonatos y bicarbonatos en el agua de riego&nbsp; limitan su uso, aguas con concentraciones de bicarbonatos mayores a 0.5 meq\/L pueden&nbsp; causar taponamiento por la acumulaci&oacute;n de sales de baja solubilidad como carbonato de calcio; para esto se recomienda la aplicaci&oacute;n de &aacute;cidos como &aacute;cido fosf&oacute;rico, &aacute;cido sulf&uacute;rico y &aacute;cido n&iacute;trico.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El monitoreo de los goteros nos ayuda a evaluar el funcionamiento del sistema. Se recomienda hacerlo de una forma r&aacute;pida y sencilla:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Se seleccionan los puntos a muestrear.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-3\">&nbsp;<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-7\"><img alt=\" determinacion \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/determinacion.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left; width:480px\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 1. Determinaci&oacute;n del Coeficiente de Uniformidad de Riego.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"formula\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/formula.jpg\" style=\"height:164px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; width:556px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Aforo de goteros<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Se toma una probeta de 100 ml y se tiene que dejar 36 segundos que capte el agua y el resultado se divide entre 10 y tendremos el gasto del gotero en litros\/hora, las muestras se toman como se muestra en la figura 2. &nbsp;Con un man&oacute;metro de 30 psi se toma la lectura al final de cada cinta (figura 3), se consulta la recomendaci&oacute;n del fabricante de la presi&oacute;n de trabajo de cada gotero.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\" aforo \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/aforo1.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 2. Aforo de gotero.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\" aforo \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/aforo1.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 3. Lectura de presi&oacute;n en la cinta.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">Se saca una media y se obtiene el gasto promedio del gotero de la v&aacute;lvula evaluada. Si la diferencia supera el 5 % del gasto nominal estar&aacute; en riesgo de taponamiento.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Uso del cloro en los sistemas de riego<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">El cloro es producto m&aacute;s com&uacute;n que existe para la desinfecci&oacute;n de las cintas, lo podemos encontrar como hipoclorito de calcio Ca(ClO)<sub>2<\/sub> al 68 %, hipoclorito de sodio NaClO (10-12 %) y cloro gas. &nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#0000FF\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><strong>Propiedades qu&iacute;micas del cloro<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En concentraciones de 1-5 ppm act&uacute;a con como bactericida y oxida el fierro.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">En concentraciones de 100 a 1000 ppm act&uacute;a como antioxidante de materiales org&aacute;nicos y puede desintegrar el material org&aacute;nico.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\"><img alt=\"caracteristicas\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/cloro.jpg\" style=\"height:138px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; width:560px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\" Pastillas\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/pastillas1.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>Figura 4. Pastillas DPD <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-6\"><img alt=\" Pastillas\" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/pastillas2.jpg \" \/>\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#084B8A; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#FFFFFF\"><strong>F Figura 5. Orthotodilina <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"font-size:16px\">F&oacute;rmula para calcular la cantidad de cloro:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left:36.0pt\"><img alt=\"formula-de-requerimientos\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/6agua-y-riego\/art294-manto-recuperacion-sistema-riego\/formula-ppm.jpg\" style=\"float:left; height:58px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; width:300px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2016-08-17 22:25:33","updated":"2018-01-23 09:07:24","published":"2016-08-18 13:21:27","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/agua-riego"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"agua-riego","article":"mantenimiento-y-recuperacion-de-sistemas-de-riego","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"agua-riego","article":"mantenimiento-y-recuperacion-de-sistemas-de-riego","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}